{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:51:18Z","timestamp":1775256678781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Manchester"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We develop a 4 \u00d7 4-matrix model based on temporal coupled mode theory (TCMT) to elucidate the intricate energy exchange within a non-Hermitian, resonant photonic structure, based on the recently described infinity-loop micro-resonator (ILMR). We consider the structure to consist of four coupled resonant modes, with clockwise and counterclockwise propagating optical fields, the interplay between which gives rise to a rich spectral form with both overlapping and non-overlapping resonances within a single free spectral range (FSR). Our model clarifies the precise conditions for exceptional points (EPs) in this system by examining neighboring resonances over the device free spectral range (FSR). We find that the system is robust to the conditions for observing an EP, despite the presence of non-zero coupling of signals, or crosstalk, between the resonant modes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16040430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T06:57:34Z","timestamp":1712213854000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modeling the Non-Hermitian Infinity-Loop Micro-Resonator over a Free Spectral Range Reveals the Characteristics for Operation at an Exceptional Point"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1416-8806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianrui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Halsall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Iain F.","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1109\/5.104225","article-title":"Coupled-mode theory","volume":"79","author":"Haus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. 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Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENSYMP52854.2021.9550951"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/4\/430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:18Z","timestamp":1760106198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/4\/430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym16040430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym16040430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]}}}