{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:44Z","timestamp":1760144324557,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, we investigated the deformation of polyurethane composite solar cell bezels during the curing process. To address the problem of deformation, thermochemical and curing kinetics models were developed to investigate the mechanical behavior of the resin during the curing process. The importance of the influencing factors was determined through orthogonal experiments and simulation analysis. The results showed that holding pressure had a significant effect on the amount of deformation of the bezel, followed by curing temperature, pultrusion speed, and holding time. The optimal combination of process parameters was a curing temperature of 150 \u00b0C, a pultrusion speed of 50 cm\/min, a holding time of 12 s, and a holding pressure of 0.14 MPa, which aided in significantly reducing the deformation of the bezel and achieving effective control of curing deformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16040463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T03:29:04Z","timestamp":1712806144000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of the Curing Deformation of Polyurethane Composite Solar Cell Bezels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano\u2013Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano\u2013Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center, Chongqing Polycomp International Corp., Chongqing 401321, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano\u2013Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongji","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano\u2013Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Characterisation of domestic T700-grade carbon fibre and composite materials","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"80","article-title":"Wet thermomechanical properties of domestically produced carbon fibre\/bimah resin composites for aerospace applications","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"52","article-title":"Development status and trend of aerospace carbon fibre resin matrix composites","volume":"36","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Her."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"46","article-title":"A case study on the development of composite materials for photovoltaic module applications","volume":"5","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glass Fibre"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-016-9167-2","article-title":"A review on the mechanical modeling of composite manufacturing processes","volume":"24","author":"Baran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"471","article-title":"A review of numerical simulation studies on curing deformation and residual stress in thermoset resin matrix composites","volume":"34","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"167","article-title":"Multi-field coupled numerical simulation of composite curing process based on time-varying properties of material properties","volume":"32","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Sun, Y., Xu, J., Shi, X., and Zhang, G. (2022). Study on curing deformation of composite thin shells prepared by M-CRTM with adjustable injection gap. J. Polymers., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14245564"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2022.107321","article-title":"A review on prediction and control of curing process-induced deformation of continuous fiber-reinforced thermosetting composite structures","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, X., Xu, J., Cheng, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, J., and Li, Y. (2022). An analytical model for cure-induced deformation of composite Laminates. J. Polymers., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14142903"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"155","article-title":"Curing process-induced internal stress and deformation of fiber reinforced resin matrix composites: Numerical comparison between elastic and viscoelastic models","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2023.107704","article-title":"Multiscale thermo-mechanical analysis of cure-induced deformation in composite laminates using Direct FE2","volume":"173","author":"Zhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.04.001","article-title":"Simulation analysis and control of curing deformation of aircraft composite structures","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aviat. Comput. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"51","article-title":"Numerical simulation and compensation of curing deformation of composite L-shaped structures","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Ind."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Yan, D.X. (2020). Deformation Prediction and Control of Carbon Fibre Composite C-Beam Fabrication. [Ph.D. Thesis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Numerical simulation of thermoset resin matrix composite hot diaphragm moulding process","volume":"33","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"94","article-title":"Numerical simulation and verification of solidification deformation of long-truss composite parts","volume":"63","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aeronaut. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"146","article-title":"Simulation of curing process and deformation prediction for composite thin-walled parts","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"84","article-title":"Curing deformation analysis of Z-shaped fiber-reinforced composite laminates","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1106\/YXEA-5MH9-76J5-BACK","article-title":"A plane strain model for process induced deformation of laminated composite structures","volume":"35","author":"Johnston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos Mater"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2009.11.008","article-title":"Modelling of the spring-in phenomenon in curved parts made of a thermosetting composite","volume":"41","author":"Ersoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A1800565","article-title":"Analysis and control of cured deformation of fiber-reinforced thermosetting composites: A review","volume":"20","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. A"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Johnston, A.A. (1997). An Integrated Model of the Development of Process-Induced Deformation in Autoclave Processing of Composite Structure. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of New Brunswick]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2015.1050513","article-title":"Validation of a methodology for cure process optimization of thick composite laminates","volume":"54","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.05.038","article-title":"Analysis of cure induced deformation of CFRP U-shaped laminates","volume":"197","author":"Bellini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/002199839102500302","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Cure Simulation of Thick Thermosetting Composites","volume":"25","author":"Bogetti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMPT.1994.036417","article-title":"Influence of Processing on the Development of Residual Stresses in Thick Section Thermoset Composites","volume":"9","author":"Bogetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2004.02.006","article-title":"Prediction of shape distortions. Part II. Experimental validation and analysis of boundary conditions","volume":"35","author":"Svanberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2021.2017527","article-title":"Process modeling and characterization of thermoset composites for residual stress prediction","volume":"30","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2004.02.005","article-title":"Prediction of shape distortions Part I. FE-implementation of a path dependent constitutive model","volume":"35","author":"Svanberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1177\/002199839202600502","article-title":"Process-induced stress and deformation in thick-section thermoset composite laminates","volume":"26","author":"Bogetti","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/4\/463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:25:58Z","timestamp":1760106358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/4\/463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym16040463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym16040463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]}}}