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Due to the limited generalization ability of the baseline model, occurrences of missed detections, false detections, and repeated detections are encountered during the actual detection of tunnel water leakage. This paper adopts Mask R-CNN as the baseline model and introduces a mask cascade strategy to enhance the quality of positive samples. Additionally, the backbone network in the model is replaced with RegNetX to enlarge the model\u2019s receptive field, and MDConv is introduced to enhance the model\u2019s feature extraction capability in the edge receptive field region. Building upon these improvements, the proposed model is named Cascade-MRegNetX. The backbone network MRegNetX features a symmetrical block structure, which, when combined with deformable convolutions, greatly assists in extracting edge features from corresponding regions. During the dataset preprocessing stage, we augment the dataset through image rotation and classification, thereby improving both the quality and quantity of samples. Finally, by leveraging pre-trained models through transfer learning, we enhance the robustness of the target model. This model can effectively extract features from water leakage areas of different scales or deformations. Through instance segmentation experiments conducted on a dataset comprising 766 images of tunnel water leakage, the experimental results demonstrate that the improved model achieves higher precision in tunnel water leakage mask detection. Through these enhancements, the detection effectiveness, feature extraction capability, and generalization ability of the baseline model are improved. The improved Cascade-MRegNetX model achieves respective improvements of 7.7%, 2.8%, and 10.4% in terms of AP, AP0.5, and AP0.75 compared to the existing Cascade Mask R-CNN model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16060709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T08:05:17Z","timestamp":1717747517000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intelligent Detection of Tunnel Leakage Based on Improved Mask R-CNN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4483-4954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rail Transportation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2013.05.004","article-title":"Predictive maintenance of shield tunnels","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tunn. 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