{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:10:22Z","timestamp":1760145022297,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yeungnam University Research","award":["224A380033","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224A380033","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224A380033","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224A380033","NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents a study on the modeling, analysis, and control of asymmetric source structures, which focuses on a multi-directional active mounting system that aims to consider the location and orientation of an actual automotive powertrain mount. An active mount was created by connecting a PZT (piezo-stack) actuator with a rubber grommet. Additional force necessary for every mount was determined by using forces caused by harmonic stimulation and the control input has the capability to reduce vibrations by engaging in detrimental opposition against the input. In addition, the vibration in the horizontal direction can be reduced with the adjustment of variables that can be modified via the dynamic interconnection of the source frame. This study especially evaluated the effectiveness of vibration reduction without a horizontal active component and determined the feasibility of control. Through sequences of simulated outcomes, it was demonstrated that the implementation of this asymmetric, bi-directional (both horizontally and vertically) active mount may effectively reduce stimulation oscillations. Additionally, a numerical validation was performed to reduce the vibrations generated by the modulation. It was accomplished by observing the system\u2019s response utilizing a digital filter with a normalized least mean square method. The simulations of adaptive digital filters demonstrated that the efficacy of control diminishes when faced with intricate noise and signals, while the attenuation trend stays unaltered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16060727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1718107860000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility Study on Active Structural Attenuation: Addressing Multiband Vibration in Automotive Vehicles on 2D Asymmetric Structures with a Faulty Horizontal Actuator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongwoo","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Mechatronics & Materials Institute, 32, Seongseogongdan-ro 11-gil, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42714, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hojoon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeongil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-114X(00)00023-9","article-title":"A literature review of automotive vehicle engine mounting systems","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1177\/1077546311435517","article-title":"Solenoid actuator design and modeling with application in engine vibration isolators","volume":"19","author":"Hosseini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vib. Control."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"50","article-title":"Development of active engine mounts based on piezo actuators","volume":"116","author":"Kraus","year":"2014","journal-title":"ATZ Peer Re-View"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0964","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/1\/017001","article-title":"A new vibration isolation bed stage with magneto-rheological dampers for ambulance vehicles","volume":"24","author":"Chae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3397\/1.3701004","article-title":"Active vibration isolation system for a diesel engine","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Noise Control. Engr. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1177\/0954407013496232","article-title":"Vibration control of the engine body of a vehicle utilizing the magneto-rheological roll mount and the piezostack right-hand mount","volume":"227","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-018-0702-y","article-title":"Active vibration control based on modal controller considering structure actuator interaction","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045044","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/4\/045044","article-title":"A new robust adaptive controller for vibration control of active engine mount subjected to large uncertainties","volume":"24","author":"Fakhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"831017","article-title":"MR and ER based semiactive engine mounts","volume":"21","author":"Elahinia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2014.02.009","article-title":"Analysis and experiment of a vibration isolator using a novel magnetic spring with negative stiffness","volume":"333","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2009.09.015","article-title":"A new type of semi-active hydraulic engine mount using controllable area of inertia track","volume":"329","author":"Truong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/6\/4\/009","article-title":"Active vibration control of frame structures with smart structures using piezoelectric actuators (vibration control by control of bending moments of columns)","volume":"6","author":"Kamada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-013-0274-6","article-title":"A low power consumption control scheme: Application to a piezostack-based active mount","volume":"8","author":"Loukil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.03.251","article-title":"Piezoelectric actuator design and application on active vibration control","volume":"25","author":"Sui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02946120","article-title":"Sliding mode control of a shear-mode type ER engine mount","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"1999","journal-title":"KSME Int. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"419","article-title":"Magneto-rheological Smart Automotive Engine Mount","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2020.115859","article-title":"A quasi-zero-stiffness dynamic vibration absorber","volume":"494","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2013.12.002","article-title":"Interaction between two Paths for source mass motion control over mid-frequency range","volume":"333","author":"Liette","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-019-0910-0","article-title":"Vibration Reduction for Modulated Excitation Using Lumped Parameter Modeling and Multi-Channel NLMS Algorithm for a Structure with Three Active Paths between Plates","volume":"33","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, D., and Kim, B. (2019). Quantification of Active Structural Path for Vibration Reduction Control of Plate Structure under Sinusoidal Excitation. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9040711"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29379-1","article-title":"Optimal placement criteria of hybrid mounting system for chassis in future mobility based on beam-type continuous smart structures","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2014.11.024","article-title":"Experimental and analytical study of secondary path variations in active engine mounts","volume":"340","author":"Hausberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bartel, T., Herold, S., Mayer, D., and Melz, T. (2013, January 24\u201326). Development and Testing of Active Vibration Control Systems with Piezoelectric Actuators. Proceedings of the 6th ECCOMAS Conference on Smart Structures and Mate-Rials, Torino, Italy."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0661(99)00048-9","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear skyhook damping control laws for active railway suspensions","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Control. Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011011","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007020","article-title":"Zero-Energy Active Suspension System for Automobiles with Adaptive Skyhook Damping","volume":"135","author":"Singal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vib. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1110","article-title":"Development of the Semi-Active Suspension System Based on the Skyhook Damper Theory","volume":"103","author":"Emura","year":"1994","journal-title":"SAE Trans. J. Passeng. Cars"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-06059-7","article-title":"Analysis and active control of nonlinear vibration of composite lattice sandwich plates","volume":"102","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-024-0406-4","article-title":"Bidirectional active vibration control of two-dimensional structure inspired by automotive engine mounting system","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/6\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:56:47Z","timestamp":1760108207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/6\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["sym16060727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym16060727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]}}}