{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:41:23Z","timestamp":1775090483972,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72271109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72271109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An efficient humanitarian emergency logistics network is vital in responding to earthquake disasters. However, the asymmetric information inherent in the location and distribution stages can complicate the humanitarian emergency logistics network designing process, resulting in an asymmetric optimization problem. This paper addresses a multi-objective humanitarian emergency logistics network design problem during the earthquake response phase. The objective is to reduce societal expenses (e.g., logistical and deprivation costs) and mitigate risk to the logistics network by identifying ideal sites for distribution hubs, optimal emergency material distribution strategies, and precise material loading plans. The proposed model takes into account various constraint types, such as 3D loading limitations for relief materials, interruptions in distribution hubs, distribution centers\u2019 capacity, transport vehicles\u2019 capacity, and specific time windows for demand points. First, a multi-objective mixed-integer programming model is established to solve the problem. Uncertainty is modeled using a scenario-based probability approach. Second, a multi-objective genetic algorithm based on adaptive large neighborhood search (MOGA-ALNS) is designed to further optimize the solutions obtained from the evolutionary process using an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm. Furthermore, the MOGA-ALNS integrates a simulated annealing process in the neighborhood search stage to inhibit the algorithm from reaching local optimums. Ultimately, the MOGA-ALNS is compared to three additional multi-objective optimization algorithms. The comprehensive analysis and discussion conducted unequivocally validate the competitiveness and efficacy of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16081080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T10:03:12Z","timestamp":1724148192000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Post-Earthquake Emergency Logistics Location-Routing Optimization Considering Vehicle Three-Dimensional Loading Constraints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xujin","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-018-2960-6","article-title":"Designing a robust and dynamic network for the emergency blood supply chain with the risk of disruptions","volume":"283","author":"Rahmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, L., Tao, F., Shi, Y., and Qin, R. (2019). Optimization of Location-Routing Problem in Emergency Logistics Considering Carbon Emissions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162982"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.05.003","article-title":"Multiple emergency resource allocation for concurrent incidents in natural disasters","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.12.003","article-title":"Identifying critical disruption scenarios and a global robustness index tailored to real life road networks","volume":"98","author":"Bagloee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.04.004","article-title":"A risk-averse location-protection problem under intentional facility disruptions: A modified hybrid decomposition algorithm","volume":"114","author":"Jalali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.05.008","article-title":"Integrated temporary facility location and casualty allocation planning for post-disaster humanitarian medical service","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Network reliability analysis on casualty rescue for natural disaster evaluation","volume":"Feb 10","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103236","article-title":"Location and inventory pre-positioning problem under uncertainty","volume":"177","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109078","article-title":"Study on location-allocation problem and algorithm for emergency supplies considering timeliness and fairness","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103296","article-title":"A two-stage chance constrained stochastic programming model for emergency supply distribution considering dynamic uncertainty","volume":"179","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103087","article-title":"A reliable emergency logistics network for COVID-19 considering the uncertain time-varying demands","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.01.053","article-title":"Product-oriented time window assignment for a multi-compartment vehicle routing problem","volume":"276","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.12.033","article-title":"Optimizing routing and delivery patterns with multi-compartment vehicles","volume":"293","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.09.024","article-title":"The Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem with three-dimensional loading constraints","volume":"282","author":"Bortfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105271","article-title":"Network scheduling problem with cross-docking and loading constraints","volume":"132","author":"Castellucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2013.06.002","article-title":"On the appropriate objective function for post-disaster humanitarian logistics models","volume":"31","author":"Jaller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114187","article-title":"Separation linearization approach for the capacitated facility location problem under disruption","volume":"169","author":"Afify","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102465","article-title":"Emergency facility location problems in logistics: Status and perspectives","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.06.047","article-title":"Distributionally robust multi-period location-allocation with multiple resources and capacity levels in humanitarian logistics","volume":"305","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2946209","article-title":"A Multi-Objective Emergency Rescue Facilities Location Model for Catastrophic Interlocking Chemical Accidents in Chemical Parks","volume":"21","author":"Men","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"A multi-objective optimization model for a multi-period mobile facility location problem with environmental and disruption considerations","volume":"Sep 8","author":"Maliki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3071786","article-title":"A Dual-Population Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-Objective Location Problem Under Uncertainty of Facilities","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.02.009","article-title":"Reliable closed-loop supply chain design problem under facility-type-dependent probabilistic disruptions","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101587","article-title":"Multi-objective decision-making model for distribution planning of goods and routing of vehicles in emergency multi-objective decision-making model for distribution planning of goods and routing of vehicles in emergency","volume":"48","author":"Zahedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102015","article-title":"Risk-averse optimization of disaster relief facility location and vehicle routing under stochastic demand","volume":"141","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102417","article-title":"Humanitarian relief network assessment using collaborative truck-and-drone system","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10732-017-9360-y","article-title":"A Multi-start Algorithm with Intelligent Neighborhood Selection for solving multi-objective humanitarian vehicle routing problems","volume":"24","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heuristics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2021.101165","article-title":"A bi-level multi-objective location-routing optimization model for disaster relief operations considering public donations","volume":"80","author":"Khanchehzarrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.119145","article-title":"Emergency logistics network optimization with time window assignment","volume":"214","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.10.029","article-title":"Heuristics for vehicle routing problems with backhauls, time windows, and 3D loading constraints","volume":"266","author":"Reil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.06.023","article-title":"Transportation problems for intermodal networks: Mathematical models, exact and heuristic algorithms, and machine learning","volume":"135","author":"Erol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, L., Zhang, Z., and Lim, A. (2014, January 19\u201321). An evolutionary local search for the capacitated vehicle routing problem minimizing fuel consumption under three-dimensional loading constraints. Proceedings of the 2014 10th International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2014.6975835"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.05.034","article-title":"Solving the pickup and delivery problem with three-dimensional loading constraints and reloading ban","volume":"264","author":"Bortfeldt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.08.025","article-title":"The split heterogeneous vehicle routing problem with three-dimensional loading constraints on a large scale","volume":"299","author":"Rajaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.08.035","article-title":"A variable neighborhood search for the multi-period collection of recyclable materials","volume":"249","author":"Elbek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2017.0775","article-title":"A Multi-Compartment Vehicle Routing Problem with Loading and Unloading Costs","volume":"53","author":"Ostermeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2085","article-title":"Two metaheuristic approaches for solving the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem","volume":"20","author":"Yahyaoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.104994","article-title":"The commodity-split multi-compartment capacitated arc routing problem","volume":"122","author":"Zbib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X211069738","article-title":"Dynamic routing for waste collection and transportation with multi-compartment electric vehicle using smart waste bins","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106734","article-title":"A robust neutrosophic fuzzy-based approach to integrate reliable facility location and routing decisions for disaster relief under fairness and aftershocks concerns","volume":"148","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106632","article-title":"An integrated location-routing problem with post-disaster relief distribution","volume":"147","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102029","article-title":"A scenario-based hybrid robust and stochastic approach for joint planning of relief logistics and casualty distribution considering secondary disasters","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107213","article-title":"A bi-objective robust optimization model for disaster response planning under uncertainties","volume":"155","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101223","article-title":"Multi-modal transportation planning for multi-commodity rebalancing under uncertainty in humanitarian logistics","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2020.100933","article-title":"Prepositioning and distributing relief items in humanitarian logistics with uncertain parameters","volume":"74","author":"Abazari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107183","article-title":"Modeling equitable and effective distribution problem in humanitarian relief logistics by robust goal programming","volume":"155","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.10.016","article-title":"Building disaster preparedness and response capacity in humanitarian supply chains using the Social Vulnerability Index","volume":"292","author":"Alem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Z.X., Wang, C., Xu, W.Q., and Zhang, J.S. (2022). Research on Location-Routing Problem of Maritime Emergency Materials Distribution Based on Bi-Level Programming. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10081243"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03776-x","article-title":"A new humanitarian relief logistic network for multi-objective optimization under stochastic programming","volume":"52","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2022.101399","article-title":"Scenario-based redesigning of a relief supply-chain network by considering humanitarian constraints, triage, and volunteers\u2019 help","volume":"84","author":"Vosooghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.11.011","article-title":"Relief Aid Provision to En Route Refugees: Multi-Period Mobile Facility Location with Mobile Demand","volume":"301","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109617","article-title":"Distributionally robust location-allocation with demand and facility disruption uncertainties in emergency logistics","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2022.101496","article-title":"Designing an integrated humanitarian logistics network for the preparedness and response phases under uncertainty","volume":"86","author":"Sheikholeslami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5418","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3342319","article-title":"A Three-Stage Relief Network Design Approach for Predictable Disasters Considering Time-Dependent Uncertainty","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109771","article-title":"Location\u2013allocation problem in the emergency logistics system considering lateral transshipment strategy","volume":"187","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2173","article-title":"Multiperiod optimal emergency material allocation considering road network damage and risk under uncertain conditions","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107875","article-title":"A combined intelligent and game theoretical methodology for collaborative multicenter pickup and delivery problems with time window assignment","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102118","article-title":"Green logistics location-routing problem with eco-packages","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2023.106351","article-title":"An Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search algorithm for a real-world Home Care Scheduling Problem with time windows and dynamic breaks","volume":"159","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.01.024","article-title":"A variable neighborhood search for the multi-depot vehicle routing problem with loading cost","volume":"39","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.08.009","article-title":"Minimizing makespan and total flowtime in permutation flowshops by a bi-objective multi-start simulated-annealing algorithm","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"35","article-title":"SPEA2: Improving the strength pareto evolutionary algorithm","volume":"103","author":"Zitzler","year":"2001","journal-title":"TIK Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.892759","article-title":"MOEA\/D: A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Liu, W., and Li, H. (2009, January 18\u201321). The performance of a new version of MOEA\/D on CEC09 unconstrained MOP test instances. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Trondheim, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2009.4982949"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2994362","article-title":"A SPEA-Based Multimetric Routing Protocol for Intelligent Transportation Systems","volume":"22","author":"Ghorai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.12.011","article-title":"A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for multi-period dynamic emergency resource scheduling problems","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E-Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.105043","article-title":"Decomposition-based hyperheuristic approaches for the bi-objective cold chain considering environmental effects","volume":"123","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-05261-4","article-title":"Using modified metaheuristic algorithms to solve a hazardous waste collection problem considering workload balancing and service time windows","volume":"25","author":"Rabbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2023.101463","article-title":"MOEA\/D with customized replacement neighborhood and dynamic resource allocation for solving 3L-SDHVRP","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-017-1385-4","article-title":"Two-agent stochastic flow shop deteriorating scheduling via a hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm","volume":"30","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3128405","article-title":"KMOEA: A Knowledge-Based Multiobjective Algorithm for Distributed Hybrid Flow Shop in a Prefabricated System","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"36","article-title":"Dynamic Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization for Raw Ore Allocation in Mineral Processing","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115827","article-title":"Modelling and optimization of integrated distributed flow shop scheduling and distribution problems with time windows","volume":"187","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1080\/03610918.2014.931971","article-title":"Overview of Friedman\u2019s test and post-hoc analysis","volume":"44","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Stat.-Simul. Comput."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, P.C., Chen, S.H., Zhang, Q., and Lin, J.L. (2008, January 1\u20136). MOEA\/D for flowshop scheduling problems. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2008.4630982"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/8\/1080\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:39:52Z","timestamp":1760110792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/8\/1080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym16081080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym16081080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}}}