{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:22:54Z","timestamp":1772227374009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Overseas Students Science and Technology Activities Project Merit Funding in Shaanxi Province","award":["2021-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-11"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Students Science and Technology Activities Project Merit Funding in Shaanxi Province","award":["300102213207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102213207"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Students Science and Technology Activities Project Merit Funding in Shaanxi Province","award":["JK2023-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK2023-31"]}]},{"name":"Overseas Students Science and Technology Activities Project Merit Funding in Shaanxi Province","award":["JK2023-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK2023-39"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, CHD","award":["2021-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-11"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, CHD","award":["300102213207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102213207"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, CHD","award":["JK2023-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK2023-31"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities, CHD","award":["JK2023-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK2023-39"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Construction Science and Technology Project Plan","award":["2021-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-11"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Construction Science and Technology Project Plan","award":["300102213207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102213207"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Construction Science and Technology Project Plan","award":["JK2023-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK2023-31"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Construction Science and Technology Project Plan","award":["JK2023-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JK2023-39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, square hollow section (SHS) joints with concrete-filled square hollow section (CFSHS) chords have increasingly been used in truss bridges where the fatigue life reliability is a critical issue. In this paper, a finite element analysis was performed to investigate the SCFs in SHS-CFSHS T-joints under in-plane bending in the brace, axial force in the chord and in-plane bending in the chord. The finite element models were developed and validated with experimental results. Then a parametric study was conducted with a reasonable range of three key non-dimensional parameters, i.e., \u03b2 (width ratio between brace and chord), 2\u03b3 (width\u2013to\u2013wall thickness ratio of the chord) and \u03c4 (wall thickness ratio between brace and chord). Consequently, the stress concentration factor formulae for the fatigue design of SHS-CFSHS T-joints were proposed through multiple regression analysis. For in-plane bending in the brace, the maximum stress concentration factors were found at lines B and C for thick-walled chords (2\u03b3 = 25.0), while the stress concentration factors at all the lines need to be checked for thin-walled chords (2\u03b3 &lt; 16.0). Under axial force in the chord and in-plane bending in the chord, only stress concentration factors at lines C and D needed to be considered. A comparison of stress concentration factors between SHS-SHS and SHS-CFSHS joints showed reductions of 10~26% and 14~31% in stress concentration factors in SHS-CFSHS joints under axial force in the brace and in-plane bending in the brace, respectively. In addition, it showed a general increase in stress concentration factors in SHS-CFSHS joints under axial force and in-plane bending in the chord. This reduction is attributed to the reduction in chord face deformation benefiting from the in-filled concrete. Meanwhile, the stress concentration factors caused by loads in the chord are much lower than those caused by loads in the brace. This work complements earlier studies on SHS-CFSHS T-joints under axial force.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16081082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:07:38Z","timestamp":1724296058000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Expressions for Stress Concentration Factors for T-Joints of Hollow and Concrete-Filled Square Cross-Sections for In-Plane Axial and Bending Loads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Liyong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Expressway Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Talent Development Institute, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}]},{"given":"Xingzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Expressway Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Talent Development Institute, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Expressway Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Talent Development Institute, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Hongxu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Expressway Infrastructure Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"Shandong Hi-Speed Talent Development Institute, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Jiaotou Jiaozheng Expressway Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450016, China"}]},{"given":"Hekuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Highway Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450052, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fatigue behaviour of T- and X-joint made of square hollow sections","volume":"37","year":"1992","journal-title":"HERON"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:2(125)","article-title":"New guidelines for fatigue design of HSS connections","volume":"122","author":"Packer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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