{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:51:19Z","timestamp":1760986279244,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52276071","U2241252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52276071","U2241252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hypervapotron structure was considered to be a feasible configuration to meet the high heat-dissipating requirement of divertors in nuclear fusion devices. In this work, symmetric CuCrZr-based transverse microchannels (TMHC) and longitudinal microchannels (LMHC) with an integrated hypervapotron channel were proposed and manufactured, and subcooled flow boiling experiments were conducted using deionized water at an inlet temperature of 20 \u00b0C with a traditional flat-type hypervapotron channel (FHC) for comparison. The LMHC and TMHC obtained lower wall temperatures than the FHC for all conditions, and the TMHC yielded the lowest temperatures. The heat transfer coefficients of the LMHC and TMHC outperformed the FHC due to the enlarged heat transfer area, and the TMHC had the greatest heat transfer coefficient (maximumly increased by 132% compared to the FHC) because the transverse-arranged microchannels were conductive, promoting the convection and liquid replenishment ability by introducing branch flow between fins; however, the microchannels of the LMHC were insensible to flow velocities due to the block effect of longitudinal microchannels. The LMHC obtained the largest pressure drop, and the pressure drop for the FHC and TMHC were comparable since the transverse-placed microchannels had little effect on frictional pressure loss. The TMHC attained the greatest comprehensive thermohydraulic performance which might bring significant insight to the structural design of hypervapotron devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16081089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T06:28:51Z","timestamp":1724308131000},"page":"1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hierarchical Hypervapotron Structure Integrated with Microchannels for Advancement of Thermohydraulic Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/239018a0","article-title":"The Road to Controlled Nuclear Fusion","volume":"239","author":"Artsimovich","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129150","article-title":"Back to the future: Revisiting the perspectives on nuclear fusion and juxtaposition to existing energy sources","volume":"290","author":"Gatto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104023","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/55\/10\/104023","article-title":"The ITER project construction status","volume":"55","author":"Motojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. 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