{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T09:29:55Z","timestamp":1769851795728,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52168051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52168051"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42207200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52368049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52368049"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22JR5RA255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA255"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23JRRA768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA768"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Z20231811149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z20231811149"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["52168051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52168051"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["42207200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207200"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["52368049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52368049"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["22JR5RA255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA255"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["23JRRA768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA768"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","award":["Z20231811149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z20231811149"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Scientific","award":["52168051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52168051"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Scientific","award":["42207200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207200"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Scientific","award":["52368049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52368049"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Scientific","award":["22JR5RA255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA255"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Scientific","award":["23JRRA768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA768"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Scientific","award":["Z20231811149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z20231811149"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development Special Project of Henan Province","award":["52168051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52168051"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development Special Project of Henan Province","award":["42207200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207200"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development Special Project of Henan Province","award":["52368049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52368049"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development Special Project of Henan Province","award":["22JR5RA255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA255"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development Special Project of Henan Province","award":["23JRRA768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA768"]}]},{"name":"Technological Development Special Project of Henan Province","award":["Z20231811149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z20231811149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The water sensitivity and structural characteristics of collapsible loess are two typical factors that significantly influence its mechanical behaviors. This paper presents a simple and practical elastic-plastic model based on the modified Cam-Clay model to well capture the essential behavior of unsaturated intact loess. The model employs deviator stress and spheric stress as the stress variables, with the water content serving as the moisture variable. The critical state surface of the model can be determined by utilizing the shear strength parameters of unsaturated soil under axisymmetric stress conditions. An initial yield surface equation is established by incorporating structural strength into the elliptical yield surface equation, which is used to determine the starting point for elastic-plastic deformation calculations under different humidity and stress combinations. The model comprises several parameters, each of which has a clear physical interpretation and can be conveniently obtained through conventional triaxial tests. The validity of the model for unsaturated intact loess is confirmed through a comparison with the stress\u2013strain relationship of unsaturated intact loess in the axisymmetric stress state. This work has the potential to significantly enhance our ability to predict and mitigate potential geotechnical disasters, such as foundation deformation under axisymmetric conditions and slope stability problems under non-axisymmetric conditions. Ultimately, the application of this model could contribute to the safety and stability of infrastructure and construction projects in loess regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16091096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:53:19Z","timestamp":1724417599000},"page":"1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Model for Unsaturated Structural Loess"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Denghui","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}]},{"given":"Kuanyao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China"}]},{"given":"Yichuan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126883","article-title":"Study on permeability and collapsibility characteristics of sandy loess in northern Loess Plateau, China","volume":"603","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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