{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:59Z","timestamp":1760145899753,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF1101103","No. KM202210011001","QNJJ2021-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1101103","No. KM202210011001","QNJJ2021-35"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission","award":["2022YFF1101103","No. KM202210011001","QNJJ2021-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1101103","No. KM202210011001","QNJJ2021-35"]}]},{"name":"The Research Foundation for Youth Scholars of Beijing Technology and Business University","award":["2022YFF1101103","No. KM202210011001","QNJJ2021-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1101103","No. KM202210011001","QNJJ2021-35"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a practical maintenance algorithm is proposed to improve the reliability of actuation systems and their components, specifically addressing the consistency degradation caused by faults in the symmetric actuation system components of more electric aircraft (MEA). By integrating important measures with traditional genetic algorithms, the accuracy of the algorithm is improved. Prior to maintenance, a reasonable classification of components is built to mitigate the adverse effects of extreme fault conditions on the algorithm. This approach improves both the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm, rendering the overall maintenance strategy better suited for real-world needs. Finally, comparative simulations confirm the algorithm\u2019s superior performance in reliability improvement, demonstrating its substantial contribution to the field of MEA maintenance and reliability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16091127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1725248721000},"page":"1127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on Classification Maintenance Strategy for More Electric Aircraft Actuation Systems Based on Importance Measure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road Campus, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road Campus, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8565-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road Campus, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-1585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road Campus, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8232-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/JMASS.2022.3200715","article-title":"Recent advances in converters and storage technologies for more electric aircrafts: A review","volume":"3","author":"Patnaik","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Miniaturiz. Air Space Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2021.3052106","article-title":"Future of electrical aircraft energy power systems: An architecture review","volume":"7","author":"Cano","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2022.3197332","article-title":"Aircraft distributed electric propulsion technologies\u2014A review","volume":"8","author":"Fard","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2021.3089605","article-title":"Review of electric machines in more-\/hybrid-\/turbo-electric aircraft","volume":"7","author":"Sayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2015.2426499","article-title":"More electric aircraft: Review, challenges, and opportunities for commercial transport aircraft","volume":"1","author":"Sarlioglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyaghigba, S.D., Ali, F., and Jennions, I.K. (2023). A Review of Diagnostic Methods for Hydraulically Powered Flight Control Actuation Systems. Machines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines11020165"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1049\/elp2.12225","article-title":"A review of fault diagnosis, prognosis and health management for aircraft electromechanical actuators","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103523","article-title":"Computational framework for real-time diagnostics and prognostics of aircraft actuation systems","volume":"132","author":"Berri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109218","article-title":"Operational reliability evaluation and analysis framework of civil aircraft complex system based on intelligent extremum machine learning model","volume":"235","author":"Da","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Shi, J., and Qiao, Y. (2023). Comprehensive Reliability of Aircraft Actuation System. Advances in Reliability and Maintainability Methods and Engineering Applications: Essays in Honor of Professor Hong-Zhong Huang on His 60th Birthday, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28859-3_9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015120","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ac9708","article-title":"Sensor fault diagnosis for uncertain dissimilar redundant actuation system of more electric aircraft via bond graph and improved principal component analysis","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birnbaum, Z.W. (1968). On the Importance of Different Components in a Multicomponent System, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0670563"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2012.2194196","article-title":"Some recent advances on importance measures in reliability","volume":"61","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2009.09.002","article-title":"On the use of uncertainty importance measures in reliability and risk analysis","volume":"95","author":"Aven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108406","article-title":"Importance measure construction and solving algorithm oriented to the cost-constrained reliability optimization model","volume":"222","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2015.2455498","article-title":"A stationary grouping maintenance strategy using mean residual life and the birnbaum importance measure for complex structures","volume":"65","author":"Vu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269964820000340","article-title":"Birnbaum criticality and importance measures for multistate systems with repairable components","volume":"36","author":"Huseby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probab. Eng. Informational Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.106501","article-title":"Importance-measure based methods for component reassignment problem of degrading components","volume":"190","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109907","article-title":"Solving algorithm design for the cost minimization reliability optimization model driven by a novel cost-based importance measure","volume":"244","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"277","article-title":"Maintenance optimization of reconfigurable systems based on multi-objective Birnbaum importance","volume":"236","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part O J. Risk Reliab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.108051","article-title":"A Birnbaum importance-based two-stage approach for two-type component assignment problems","volume":"218","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zhang, Z., Liang, M., and Cao, X. (2023, January 18\u201321). Weakness Analysis of Multi-state Hybrid Systems Based on Integrated Importance Measure. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEM58616.2023.10406865"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., and Coolen, F. (2022). Importance measures in reliability engineering: An introductory overview. The Palgrave Handbook of Operations Research, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96935-6_19"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109383","article-title":"Importance measure-based resilience management: Review, methodology and perspectives on maintenance","volume":"237","author":"Dui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Fan, I.S., and King, S. (2022, January 6\u20138). Failures mapping for aircraft electrical actuation system health management. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on the Prognostics and Health Management Society, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.36001\/phme.2022.v7i1.3354"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Chen, R., and Tomovic, M.M. (2022). Performance Degradation Based on Importance Change and Application in Dissimilar Redundancy Actuation System. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10050843"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kuo, W. (2001). Optimal Reliability Design: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/0740817X.2012.761370","article-title":"Estimation of gross profit for a new durable product considering warranty and post-warranty repairs","volume":"46","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"IIE Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mettas, A. (2000, January 24\u201327). Annual reliability and maintainability symposium. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Product Quality and Integrity, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Li, X., Cui, X., and Zhang, X. (2023). Fault Coupling Analysis and Reliability Assessment of Actuation System Based on Bond Graph Model. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137462"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0792-66","article-title":"Genetic algorithms","volume":"267","author":"Holland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kennedy, J., and Eberhart, R. (December, January 27). Particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the ICNN\u201995\u2014International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, WA, Australia."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/9\/1127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:10Z","timestamp":1760111170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/16\/9\/1127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym16091127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym16091127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]}}}