{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:55:25Z","timestamp":1783958125764,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52105049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52105049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52175038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a concomitant observer-based multi-level fault-tolerant control (FTC) for near-space vehicles (NSVs) with a new type dissimilar redundant actuation system (NT-DRAS). When NSV flight control system faults occur in NT-DRAS and attitude-corresponding sensors, the NSV hybrid output states, including the concomitant observer usable states and the real system states, are applied to solve the FTC gain by using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) technique. Furthermore, since NT-DRAS is used in NSVs, a multi-level (actuation system level and flight control level) FTC strategy integrating NT-DRAS channel switching and flight control LQR is proposed for complex and worsening fault cases. The most important finding is that though the proposed strategy is applicable for worsening fault cases in NSVs, systematic and accurate criteria for the process being performed are necessary and can improve the FTC efficiency with minimal FTC resources. Additionally, such criteria can improve the NSV\u2019s responsiveness to comprehensive faults, provided that the real-time performance of the fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) scheme can be further optimized. The concomitant observer convergence and the multi-level FTC strategy have been verified by numerical simulations based on the Matlab\/Simulink platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16091221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1726620703000},"page":"1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Concomitant Observer-Based Multi-Level Fault-Tolerant Control for Near-Space Vehicles with New Type Dissimilar Redundant Actuation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Meiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Jiaotong University Hope College, Chengdu 610400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Automatic Control Equipment, Beijing 100074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Automatic Control Equipment, Beijing 100074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-4132.2011.01.011","article-title":"Fault tolerant control for near space vehicle: A survey and some new results","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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