{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:30:55Z","timestamp":1775766655861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department Program Projects","award":["20240402063GH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240402063GH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Serious secondary disasters caused by extreme natural weather conditions occur frequently, making it essential to establish a scientific and efficient modern emergency management system to maximize life-saving efforts. Methods: This study focuses on the uncertain environment of urban road networks and employs fuzzy theory to construct a 0\u20131 integer programming model for emergency evacuation paths that minimizes the average expected travel time. Results: We enhanced the neighborhood search strategy of the traditional ACO_time by incorporating the 2-opt and 3-opt perturbation mechanisms from the SA algorithm. Additionally, we utilized improved ant-volume and ant-perimeter models, along with their combinations, in the pheromone-updating mechanism of the basic ACO. The heuristic principles of the A* algorithm were integrated, introducing the joint influence of path and time into the heuristic function of the ACO algorithm. Conclusions: The IACO3 algorithm was tested on the Sioux Falls network and the Berlin Heisenheimer Center network. The computation time of the improved IACO3 algorithm was reduced by up to 20% compared to the original IACO3 algorithm in relation to the SA algorithm, with only a 4\u20135% increase in computation time compared to the ACO_time algorithm, which translates to an increase of merely 4\u20135 s. This demonstrates the superior solution efficiency of the IACO3 algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16101356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1728878578000},"page":"1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urban Emergency Evacuation Path Optimization Based on Uncertain Environments to Enhance Response for Symmetric and Asymmetric Evacuation Problems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanzhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Academy of Social Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNDRR (2022). 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