{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:53:38Z","timestamp":1779382418990,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Research Special Fund of Henan Province","award":["221100210400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221100210400"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Research Special Fund of Henan Province","award":["61672470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61672470"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Research Special Fund of Henan Province","award":["62272163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272163"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Research Special Fund of Henan Province","award":["201300210200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201300210200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221100210400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221100210400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61672470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61672470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201300210200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201300210200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province","award":["221100210400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221100210400"]}]},{"name":"Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province","award":["61672470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61672470"]}]},{"name":"Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province","award":["62272163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272163"]}]},{"name":"Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province","award":["201300210200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201300210200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring the absence of vulnerabilities or flaws in smart contracts before their deployment is crucial for the smooth progress of subsequent work. Existing detection methods heavily rely on expert rules, resulting in low robustness and accuracy. Therefore, we propose EDSCVD, an enhanced deep learning vulnerability detection model based on dual-channel networks. Firstly, the contract fragments are preprocessed by BERT into the required word embeddings. Next, we utilized adversarial training FGM to the word embeddings to generate perturbations, thereby producing symmetric adversarial samples and enhancing the robustness of the model. Then, the dual-channel model combining BiLSTM and CNN is utilized for feature training to obtain more comprehensive and symmetric information on temporal and local contract features.Finally, the combined output features are passed through a classifier to classify and detect contract vulnerabilities. Experimental results show that our EDSCVD exhibits excellent detection performance in the detection of classical reentrancy vulnerabilities, timestamp dependencies, and integer overflow vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16101381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T03:49:34Z","timestamp":1729136974000},"page":"1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["EDSCVD: Enhanced Dual-Channel Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5339-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaiguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4821-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-5787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqiong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21260","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","volume":"1","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Satoshi Nakamoto"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100067","article-title":"A survey on blockchain technology and its security","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blockchain Res. 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