{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:42:05Z","timestamp":1776926525368,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52075559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GK2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GK2030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JJ31161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ31161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Research Development Program","award":["52075559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075559"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Research Development Program","award":["2022GK2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GK2030"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Research Development Program","award":["2021JJ31161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ31161"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52075559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GK2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GK2030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JJ31161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ31161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-principal-element alloys (MPEAs) exhibit superior strength and good ductility. However, tribological properties of FeCrNi MPEAs remain unknown at nanoscale and complex environments. Here, we investigate the effects of scratching speed, depth, and temperature on microstructural and tribological characteristics of FeCrNi using molecular dynamics simulations combined with an elevated temperature tribological experiment. The scratching force experiences the increase stage, the undulated stage, and the stable stage due to chip formation. Compared to traditional alloy coatings, low force enhances the useful life. With increased speed, the friction coefficient decreases, agreeing with previous work. High speed impacting includes severe local plastic deformation, from dislocation to amorphization. As the scratching depth increases, the average scratch force and friction coefficient increases owing to material accumulation in front of the abrasive particles. The surface morphology and dislocation behavior are significantly different during the scratching process. In addition, we revealed a temperature-dependent friction mechanism. FeCrNi MPEAs have excellent wear resistance at an intermediate temperature, which is attributed to the high Cr content promoting the formation of the compact oxide layer. This work provides atomic-scale mechanistic insights into the tribological behavior of FeCrNi, and would be applied to the design of MPEAs with high performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16101391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1729483029000},"page":"1391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unraveling the Subsurface Damage and Material Removal Mechanism of Multi-Principal-Element Alloy FeCrNi Coatings During the Scratching Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface\/Interface Science Technology, Central South University of Forestry Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiubo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface\/Interface Science Technology, Central South University of Forestry Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj3974","article-title":"Atomic faulting induced exceptional cryogenic strain hardening in gradient cell\u2013structured alloy","volume":"382","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03607-y","article-title":"Bifunctional nanoprecipitates strengthen and ductilize a medium-entropy alloy","volume":"595","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.12.039","article-title":"A comprehensive review on advances in high entropy alloys: Fabrication and surface modification methods, properties, applications, and future prospects","volume":"109","author":"Krishna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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