{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:29:17Z","timestamp":1767421757679,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China","award":["20230204093YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230204093YY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are nonlinear, multi-parameter systems that exhibit structural symmetry but are susceptible to parameter variations and external disturbances. These challenges can disrupt the inherent symmetrical characteristics of PMSM dynamics during real-world operations, posing difficulties for achieving efficient control. To address this issue, this paper proposes a Model-Free Generalized Super-Twisting Algorithm Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control (MFFTSMC-GSTA) method. First, a novel ultra-local model incorporating PMSM uncertainties is established, and the MFFTSMC-GSTA controller is designed to address the system\u2019s complex dynamic behavior. By integrating the generalized super-twisting algorithm with the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode algorithm, the proposed controller ensures finite-time convergence and effectively mitigates chattering. Second, an extended sliding mode disturbance observer is developed to estimate the unknown components of the ultra-local model and provide feedforward compensation, further enhancing system robustness and dynamic performance. The experimental results show that the total harmonic distortion (THD) value of the proposed control method is 1.38%, demonstrating significant improvements in response speed and robustness for motor speed control, and verifying the algorithm\u2019s superior performance under complex operating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T04:31:16Z","timestamp":1735187476000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Model-Free Generalized Super-Twisting Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xingyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886789","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2886789","article-title":"SPMSM Sliding Mode Control Based on the New Super Twisting Algorithm","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8126","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3262519","article-title":"Modified nonlinear active disturbance rejection control for PMSM speed regulation with frequency domain analysis","volume":"38","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s42835-023-01710-w","article-title":"Overview of active disturbance rejection control for permanent magnet synchronous motors","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s43236-023-00594-3","article-title":"Dynamic performance improvement of PMSM drive using fuzzy-based adaptive control strategy for EV applications","volume":"23","author":"Suganthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4528374","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4528374","article-title":"A Novel Terminal Sliding Mode Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive System Observer for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors","volume":"2024","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2019.2902634","article-title":"A Novel Current Predictive Control Based on Fuzzy Algorithm for PMSM","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Han, J., and Peng, W. (2017, January 21\u201323). PMSM Servo Control System Design Based on Fuzzy PID. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Cybernetics, Robotics and Control (CRC), Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123907","article-title":"An Improved Sliding Mode Model Reference Adaptive System Observer for PMSM Applications","volume":"250","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2845705","article-title":"Integrated uncertainty\/disturbance compensation with second-order sliding-mode observer for PMLSM-driven motion stage","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C., Kim, T., and Lyou, J. (2011, January 25\u201328). Robust Speed Control of a PMSM through Sliding Mode Controller Design. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIEA.2011.6108722"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2009.2036994","article-title":"Adaptive Friction Compensation with a Dynamical Friction Model","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavikumar, R., Lee, S.-H., Sakthivel, R., and Kwon, O.-M. (2023, January 17\u201320). Fuzzy dynamic sliding mode control for permanent magnet synchronous generator model. Proceedings of the 2023 23rd International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Yeosu, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICCAS59377.2023.10316806"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cta.2008.0279","article-title":"Tracking Control of a Two-Axis Motion System via a Filtering Type Sliding Mode Control with Radial Basis Function Network","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2023.3240282","article-title":"Continuous-control-set model-free predictive fundamental current control for PMSM system","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44998","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909308","article-title":"Sensorless Vector Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor Based on Self-Adaptive Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Controller","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.21629\/JSEE.2017.01.16","article-title":"Terminal Sliding Mode Control Based on Super-Twisting Algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2021.3068192","article-title":"A Novel Discrete Compound Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Control with Disturbance Compensation for PMSM Speed System","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Li, H., and Yao, H. (2016, January 14\u201317). Model-Free Control of Surface-Mounted PMSM Drive System. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2016.7474746"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.32604\/EE.2021.018617","article-title":"Model-Free Sliding Mode Control for PMSM Drive System Based on Ultra-Local Model","volume":"119","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Model-Free Sliding Mode Control, Theory and Application","volume":"232","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part I J. Syst. Control Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15737","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895512","article-title":"Robust Model-Free Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control for PMSM Demagnetization Fault","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2023.09.025","article-title":"Model-Free Fast Integral Terminal Sliding-Mode Control Method Based on Improved Fast Terminal Sliding-Mode Observer for PMSM with Unknown Disturbances","volume":"143","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119040","article-title":"PMSM Non-Singular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control with Disturbance Compensation","volume":"642","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, I., and Osorio, M. (2008, January 9\u201311). A Lyapunov Approach to Second-Order Sliding Mode Controllers and Observer. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Cancun, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2008.4739356"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2375","article-title":"A novel model-free sliding mode control for permanent magnet synchronous motor based on extended sliding mode disturbance observer","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. CSEE"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/1\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:00:27Z","timestamp":1760115627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/1\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17010018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17010018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]}}}