{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T19:23:10Z","timestamp":1773948190667,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["E2021402023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021402023"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["E2024402061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2024402061"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["Z018022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z018022"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","award":["BJ2019023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ2019023"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["E2021402023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021402023"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["E2024402061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2024402061"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Z018022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z018022"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["BJ2019023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ2019023"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Education Department","award":["E2021402023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2021402023"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Education Department","award":["E2024402061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2024402061"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Education Department","award":["Z018022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z018022"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Education Department","award":["BJ2019023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ2019023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surrounding rock and lining are composite structures with asymmetric mechanical properties. Understanding the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of rock\u2013concrete composites is crucial for gaining insights into the mechanisms that induce disasters in deep-underground environments. Uniaxial compression and acoustic emission tests were conducted on rock\u2013concrete composite specimens cured at temperatures of 20 \u00b0C, 40 \u00b0C, 60 \u00b0C, and 80 \u00b0C, with interface angles of 15\u00b0, 30\u00b0, 45\u00b0, 60\u00b0, 75\u00b0, and 90\u00b0 respectively. The results indicated that the specimens\u2019 strength decreased at increasing geothermal temperatures. The composites with an 80 \u00b0C curing temperature and a 60\u00b0 interface angle exhibited the lowest strength. A higher geothermal temperature significantly reduced the number of cracks in the concrete component during composite failure and mitigated the influence of the inclined interface angle. The failure modes of the specimens include axial penetration splitting, interface shear, Y-shaped fracture, and interface splitting\u2013concrete shear failure. Finally, a model relating the strength of the rock\u2013concrete composite to the inclined interface angle and the geothermal temperature was derived and verified against the experimental results with a relative error of 9.8%. The findings have significant implications for the safety and stability of tunnels in high-temperature conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T14:21:12Z","timestamp":1735654872000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Rock\u2013Concrete Composites Under the Coupling Effect of Inclined Interface Angle and Ground Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8763-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2009.05.006","article-title":"Stability of concrete retaining structures and their interface with rock foundations","volume":"46","author":"Fishman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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