{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T12:00:16Z","timestamp":1782734416738,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed the influence of the mechanical properties of two-step backfill on the stability of mining sites. The study focused on the one-step adhesive backfill of segmented backfill mining in a mine in Shandong Province, where the front wall was exposed and the back wall was compressed. A three-dimensional mechanical model of the front wall exposed, back wall compressed cemented filling material considering the mechanical properties of the two-step weakly cemented filling material was established through theoretical analysis. On this basis, considering the influence of different mechanical properties (elastic modulus, internal friction angle, cohesion, and Poisson\u2019s ratio) of two-step weakly cemented filling on one-step cemented filling, FLAC 3D 6.00.60 numerical simulation software was used to study the influence of various factors on the horizontal displacement distribution of cemented filling under single-sided exposure conditions using numerical simulation methods. The results show that the adhesive filling material exposed on one side is subjected to lateral pressure from adjacent weak adhesive filling materials, and its stability is affected by the contact area and mechanical properties of the weak adhesive filling material. Increasing the elastic modulus of the two-step weak adhesive filling material from 100 MPa to 500 MPa can reduce the maximum horizontal displacement of the one-step adhesive filling material from 116 mm to 32 mm, a decrease of about 72%. Similarly, increasing the cohesive force from 0.09 MPa to 0.21 MPa can reduce displacement from 96 mm to 33 mm, a decrease of 66%. Improving the mechanical properties of the two-step weakly cemented filling material can reduce the tendency of tailings to slide and collapse, and can reduce the lateral pressure applied by the cemented filling material. The horizontal displacement law of the two-step cemented filling material with front wall exposure and rear wall compression is basically similar under different mechanical properties of the one-step weakly cemented filling material. In the vertical direction, as the height of the filling material increases, the horizontal displacement first slowly increases to the maximum value and then slowly decreases. As the mechanical properties of the two-step weakly cemented filling increase, the horizontal displacement of the one-step cemented filling decreases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17010126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T04:55:19Z","timestamp":1737003319000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study on the Influence of Two-Step Filling Mechanic Characteristics on the Stability of Single-Side Exposed Cemented Backfill"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Kangjie Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Wanjiang Institute of Technology, Ma\u2019anshan 243031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Study on pillar stoping and stability of an iron ore in Shandong","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Min. 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