{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:45:53Z","timestamp":1767084353138,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Funds of Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of BIM+ Application and Intelligent Visualization","award":["BIM-2024-Y-01","2024ZD-G-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIM-2024-Y-01","2024ZD-G-13"]}]},{"name":"Panzhihua City Guided Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["BIM-2024-Y-01","2024ZD-G-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIM-2024-Y-01","2024ZD-G-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional site modeling is an important aspect of Building Information Modeling (BIM), especially in mountainous areas. Accurate site modeling is essential for efficient construction planning and resource allocation. A key issue in site modeling is how to accurately calculate the shape of side-slopes. It involves three sub-problems: geometric representation of side-slopes, determination of fill\/cut types, and intersection of side-slopes surface with the terrain surface. To address this, a two-stage method for constructing side-slope models adaptive to terrain is proposed. In the first stage, a marching algorithm along polylines is used to calculate the intersection points of the site boundary polylines with the terrain surface. These intersection points are used to segment the boundary polylines. A rule-based approach is then applied to automatically determine the fill\/cut type for each segment. Subsequently, the equations of the side-slopes passing through each segment are derived using geometric principles. In the second stage, a marching algorithm along the plane is used to trace the intersection lines of side-slopes with the terrain. Finally, the side-slopes are rendered with precision by integrating the equations of each segment with the determined intersection lines. The effectiveness of the method is verified through illustrative examples. Algorithm efficiency analysis and 3D modeling illustrations have demonstrated that this method not only boasts accuracy and swift computation but also excels in the level of automation achieved in the modeling process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17020191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adaptive Terrain Modeling for Side-Slope Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fangxiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of BIM+ Application and Intelligent Visualization, Panzhihua 617000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaeser, G. 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