{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:48:44Z","timestamp":1783226924101,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52308514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFS0427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["52308514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308514"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2023YFS0427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFS0427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amphibious vehicles are important equipment used by emergency rescue teams to quickly pass through water networks. A numerical model of amphibious vehicle underwater navigation in the lower shell was established in this study using computational fluid dynamics, the Reynolds-averaged Navier\u2013Stokes model, and the volume-of-fluid method to investigate the navigation performance of a new all-terrain all-water amphibious emergency rescue vehicle. The navigation resistance was calculated at different speeds. The characteristics of the flow field around the vehicle body were analyzed, and optimization measures for drag reduction by installing a stern flap were proposed. The simulation results show that the existing vehicle body has a relatively high navigation resistance, and the flow field of the amphibious vehicle body is significantly improved after using stern flaps with larger angles and sizes. When the stern flap angle was 38\u00b0, the drag-reduction effect was 23%, which effectively improved the navigation performance of the amphibious vehicle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17020193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simulation Study on the Navigation Resistance and Shape Optimization of a New Type of Amphibious Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Fire Research Institute of MEM, Chengdu 610036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fire and Rescue Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fire and Rescue Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Topsky Intelligent Equipment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 101102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114618","article-title":"A review on drag reduction technology: Focusing on amphibious vehicles","volume":"280","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/02533839.2019.1660225","article-title":"Numerical investigation on the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious wheeled armored vehicles","volume":"42","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02030","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201822402030","article-title":"Ensuring the amphibious capabilities of the amphibious vehicle based on the hydrodynamic buoyancy principle","volume":"224","author":"Abdulov","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.107460","article-title":"Experimental and computational study of operation of an amphibious craft in calm water","volume":"209","author":"Behara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.111770","article-title":"Identification of critical parameters influencing resistance performance of amphibious vehicles based on a SM-SA method","volume":"258","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakisa, M., Maimun, A., Ahmed, Y.M., Behrouzi, F., Steen, S., and Tarmizi, A. (2015). Hydrodynamic resistance analysis of new hull design for multipurpose amphibious vehicle applying with finite volume method. J. Teknol., 74.","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v74.4644"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.113223","article-title":"Study on a tracked amphibious robot bionic fairing for drag reduction","volume":"267","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5994","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062211065380","article-title":"Drag reduction configuration analysis of the grooves on amphibious vehicles walking mechanism","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2011.10.001","article-title":"Improving the river crossing capability of an amphibious vehicle","volume":"38","author":"Helvacioglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-3584.2010.00265.x","article-title":"Reduction of amphibious vehicle resistance and bow swamping by fitting a wave cancellation bow plate","volume":"123","author":"Latorre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Naval Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5957\/JOSR.09190055","article-title":"Towing tank model tests for propulsive performance analysis of a waterjet-propelled amphibious vehicle","volume":"66","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ship Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, D., Xu, X., and Liu, B. (2021). Influence of flanks on resistance performance of high-speed amphibious vehicle. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9111260"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5957\/jsr.2017.61.1.15","article-title":"Hydrodynamic characteristics of a hydrofoil-assisted amphibious vehicle","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ship Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.110082","article-title":"A review on the turbulence modelling strategy for ship hydrodynamic simulations","volume":"241","author":"Pena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.106755","article-title":"CFD-based multi-objective optimization of a waterjet-propelled trimaran","volume":"195","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.12.043","article-title":"Accurate assessment of ship-propulsion characteristics using CFD","volume":"175","author":"Bakica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.592-594.1210","article-title":"Stability and drag analysis of wheeled amphibious vehicle using CFD and model testing techniques","volume":"592\u2013594","author":"More","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.110808","article-title":"CFD-based hydrodynamic analyses of ship course keeping control and turning performance in irregular waves","volume":"248","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Villa, D., and Brizzolara, S. (2009, January 5\u20138). A systematic analysis of flap\/interceptors hydrodynamic performance. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation FAST2009, Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.116592","article-title":"Research on the resistance and maneuvering characteristics of an amphibious transport vehicle and the influence of stern hydrofoil","volume":"293","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1453","article-title":"Influence on stern flaps in resistance performance of a cerpillar track amphibious vehicle","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083330","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0159980","article-title":"Numerical analysis on hydrodynamic performance and hydrofoil optimization for amphibious vehicles","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.113932","article-title":"Influence of towing position on hydrodynamic characteristics of an Amphibious Tractor","volume":"272","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/2\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:44Z","timestamp":1759919804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/2\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17020193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17020193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]}}}