{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:50:12Z","timestamp":1760057412198,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dissipation and irreversibility are two central concepts of classical thermodynamics that are often treated as synonymous. Dissipation D is lost or dissipated work Wdiss\u22650 but is commonly quantified by entropy generation \u0394iS in an isothermal irreversible macroscopic process that is often expressed as Kullback\u2013Leibler distance DKL in modern literature. We argue that DKL is nonthermodynamic, and is erroneously justified for quantification by mistakenly equating exchange microwork \u0394eWk with the system-intrinsic microwork \u0394Wk=\u0394eWk+\u0394iWk, which is a very common error permeating stochastic thermodynamics as was first pointed out several years ago, see text. Recently, it is discovered that dissipation D is properly identified by \u0394iW\u22650 for all spontaneously irreversible processes and all temperatures T, positive and negative in an isolated system. As T plays an important role in the quantification, dissipation allows for \u0394iS\u22650 for T&gt;0, and \u0394iS&lt;0 for T&lt;0, a surprising result. The connection of D with Wdiss and its extension to interacting systems have not been explored and is attempted here. It is found that D is not always proportional to \u0394iS. The determination of D requires dipk, but we show that Fokker-Planck and master equations are not general enough to determine it, which is contrary to the common belief. We modify the Fokker-Planck equation to fix the issue. We find that detailed balance also allows for all microstates to remain disconnected without any transition among them in an equilibrium macrostate, another surprising result. We argue that Liouville\u2019s theorem should not apply to irreversible processes, contrary to the claim otherwise. We suggest to use nonequilibrium statistical mechanics in extended space, where pk\u2019s are uniquely determined to evaluate D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T10:09:52Z","timestamp":1738750192000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Irreversibility, Dissipation, and Its Measure: A New Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Purushottam Das","family":"Gujrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"},{"name":"School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.18621910102","article-title":"\u00dcber die W\u00e4rmeleitung gasf\u00f6rmiger K\u00f6rper","volume":"115","author":"Clausius","year":"1862","journal-title":"Ann. 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