{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:52:16Z","timestamp":1760057536488,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005714","name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OA-Fonds","Nr. 22371 N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OA-Fonds","Nr. 22371 N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005714","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"IGF Project","award":["OA-Fonds","Nr. 22371 N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OA-Fonds","Nr. 22371 N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the packaging industry, corrugated boards are widely used due to many factors like biodegradability, a high strength-to-weight ratio, and also ease of manufacturing. In this study, the finite element analysis of corrugated cardboards under the flat compression test was performed using the open source FEA software Salome-meca. A corrugated board consists of a flute sandwiched between a top and bottom liner. This study was performed with the help of Python scripting in order to iteratively perform many studies by varying the geometric shape of the flute. The pressure distribution along the top and the bottom liner was analyzed. The load\u2013deflection curve for the corrugated cardboard was also analyzed as a part of this study. The boundary condition and the loading condition were chosen in such a way as to correctly represent the situation in real life using the flat crush test in the lab. The contact zone was identified a priori and defined during the preparation of the study. Finally, Code-Aster (the solver utilized by Salome-Meca) was used to solve the finite element solution to the problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T06:43:07Z","timestamp":1739169787000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Open Source Simulation for Compression Analysis of Corrugated Boards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohmad-Akram","family":"Metar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jestratijevic, I., and Vrabi\u010d-Brodnjak, U. (2022). Sustainable and Innovative Packaging Solutions in the Fashion Industry: Global Report. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013476"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Enlund, E., and Nilsson, J. (2021). Sustainable Decision-Making in the Fashion Industry: How to Influence the Fashion Industry to Adopt More Sustainable Packaging Solutions. [Master\u2019s Thesis, KTH, Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.)]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitas, R., and Schaffrath, H.J. (2023). A Review of Optimization for Corrugated Boards. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115588"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, October 04). Global Packaging Market\u2014Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022\u20132027). Available online: https:\/\/go.gale.com\/ps\/i.do?p=HRCA&u=anon~47c0114e&id=GALE|A716172748&v=2.1&it=r&sid=sitemap&asid=6f2e9970."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2023, October 04). Paper & Paperboard Packaging Market Global Forecast to 2026. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/paper-paperboard-packaging-market-23392290.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3wczy\u0144ski, D., Knitter-Piat\u0328kowska, A., and Garbowski, T. (2022). Optimal Design of Double-Walled Corrugated Board Packaging. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062149"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belfekih, T., Fitas, R., Schaffrath, H.J., and Schabel, S. (2024). Graph-Based Analysis for the Characterization of Corrugated Board Compression. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.0172.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Park, M., Choi, D.S., Jung, H.M., and Hwang, S.W. (2020). Finite element-based simulation for edgewise compression behavior of corrugated paperboard for packaging of agricultural products. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196716"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nordstrand, T. (2003). Basic testing and strength design of corrugated board and containers. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lund University]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2174\/1874155X01408010257","article-title":"Finite element analysis of buckling of corrugated fiberboard","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Mech. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zaheer, M. (2016). Finite Element Analysis of Paperboard Packages Under Compressional Force. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Lappeenranta University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-11397-y","article-title":"Evaluation of wave configurations in corrugated boards by experimental analysis (EA) and finite element modeling (FEM): The role of the micro-wave in packaging design","volume":"126","author":"Desole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2025, February 01). EDF R&D. Code_Aster Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.code-aster.org\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"GmbH, S. (2025, February 01). Code_Aster x SimScale: Online Structural Analysis (FEA). Available online: https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/blog\/fea-online-structural-analysis-code_aster-simscale\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.11.018","article-title":"Dynamic Mooring Simulation with Code_Aster with Application to a Floating Wind Turbine","volume":"151","author":"Antonutti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1177\/002199801772661371","article-title":"Compressive behaviour of corrugated board panels","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.M., Sim, J.M., and Jung, H.M. (2021). Finite element simulation of the flat crush behavior of corrugated packages. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11177867"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fitas, R., Schaffrath, H.J., and Schabel, S. (2025). On the Design of Corrugated Boards: A New FEM Modeling and Experimental Validation. TAPPI J., in press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark, R.E., and Borch, J. (2002). Handbook of Physical Testing of Paper, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482290103"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/2\/257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:24Z","timestamp":1760027364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/2\/257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17020257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17020257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]}}}