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Firstly, for multi-agent systems, we adopt a hierarchical control architecture. In this architecture, the observer used is a distributed observer and the corresponding controller is a distributed data-driven adaptive learning controller. This scheme of designing the controller and the observer separately takes symmetry into account and solves the problem of system heterogeneity. Secondly, under this observer, a distributed resilient controller is proposed for FDI attacks, enabling the followers to track the estimated leader information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17030323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:39:07Z","timestamp":1740119947000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Observer-Based Distributed Model-Free Adaptive Control for Nonlinear MASs Under FDI Attacks and Channel Fading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianghong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Complexity Science, College of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7953-1127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2021.109595","article-title":"Time-varying IBLFs-based adaptive control of uncertain nonlinear systems with full state constraints","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123558","article-title":"Adaptive Fixed-Time Control of Nonlinear MASs with Actuator Faults","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. 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