{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T03:14:26Z","timestamp":1771470866037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LENR Capital III LLC","award":["0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a critical review of existing Zitterbewegung models of the electron, assessing their compatibility with Dirac theory, special relativity, and observed particle physics data. We highlight the strengths and limitations of each model, while also introducing a perspective of the electron based on field dynamics rather than particle concepts. Our aim is to determine whether fundamental properties of the electron\u2014such as spin, charge, mass, and relativistic behavior\u2014can be derived from first principles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17030360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T05:13:58Z","timestamp":1740633238000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Critical Review of Zitterbewegung Electron Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marc J. J.","family":"Fleury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rousselle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LENR Capital LLC, Dover, DE 19904, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/498031a","article-title":"The enigmatic electron","volume":"498","author":"Wilczek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"418","article-title":"Uber die kraftefreie Bewegung in der relativistischen Quantenmechanik","volume":"24","author":"Schrodinger","year":"1930","journal-title":"Sitz. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys. Math. 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