{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:35:08Z","timestamp":1773012908847,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Cient\u00edficos Espa\u00f1oles en Brasil (ACEBRA)","award":["PI22\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01416"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","award":["PI22\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01416"]}]},{"name":"Centre de Cooperaci\u00f3 al Desenvolupament (CCD\u2014Cooperaci\u00f3 2023) from the Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","award":["PI22\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01416"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI22\/01416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01416"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Facial asymmetry presents a significant challenge for health practitioners, including physicians, dentists, and physical therapists. Manual measurements often lack the precision needed for accurate assessments, highlighting the appeal of imaging technologies like structured light scanners and photogrammetric systems. However, high-end commercial systems remain cost prohibitive, especially for public health services in developing countries. This study aims to evaluate cell-phone-based photogrammetric methods for generating 3D facial models to detect facial asymmetries. For this purpose, 15 patients had their faces scanned with the ACADEMIA 50 3D scanner, as well as with cell phone images and videos using photogrammetry and videogrammetry, resulting in 3D facial models. Each 3D model (coming from a 3D scanner, photogrammetry, and videogrammetry) was half-mirrored to analyze dissimilarities between the two ideally symmetric face sides using Hausdorff distances between the two half-meshes. These distances were statistically analyzed through various measures and hypothesis tests. The results indicate that, in most cases, both photogrammetric and videogrammetric approaches are as reliable as 3D scanning for detecting facial asymmetries. The benefits and limitations of using images, videos, and 3D scanning are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17030376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T09:04:49Z","timestamp":1740992689000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating the Accuracy of Smartphone-Based Photogrammetry and Videogrammetry in Facial Asymmetry Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4466-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Carlos","family":"Teixeira Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Laboratory (Laborat\u00f3rio de Fotogrametria e Sensoriamento Remoto\u2014LFSR), School of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua S\u00e3o Francisco Xavier 524, PJLF Sala 4044F, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Photogrammetry and Laser Scanner Research Group (GIFLE), Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1639-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Ferreira Coelho","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Laboratory (Laborat\u00f3rio de Fotogrametria e Sensoriamento Remoto\u2014LFSR), School of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua S\u00e3o Francisco Xavier 524, PJLF Sala 4044F, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via","family":"Martinez de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology of Congenital Malformations (LEMC\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia das Malforma\u00e7\u00f5es Cong\u00eanitas), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 LEMC, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Programme in Biological Sciences (Genetics), Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, s\/n, Pr\u00e9dio do CCS-Bloco A-2, Andar-Sala 099, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5753-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Luiza","family":"Meneguci Moreira Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology of Congenital Malformations (LEMC\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Epidemiologia das Malforma\u00e7\u00f5es Cong\u00eanitas), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 LEMC, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Programme in Biological Sciences (Genetics), Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, s\/n, Pr\u00e9dio do CCS-Bloco A-2, Andar-Sala 099, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4878-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar C.","family":"Quispe-Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photogrammetry and Laser Scanner Research Group (GIFLE), Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6629-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Airasca","family":"Alt\u00f3naga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Laboratory (Laborat\u00f3rio de Fotogrametria e Sensoriamento Remoto\u2014LFSR), School of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua S\u00e3o Francisco Xavier 524, PJLF Sala 4044F, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9443-9214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Lerma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Photogrammetry and Laser Scanner Research Group (GIFLE), Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.20.6.110-125.sar","article-title":"Facial asymmetry: A current review","volume":"20","author":"Thiesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. 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