{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:43Z","timestamp":1760031643591,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, Joint Fund Cultivation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PL2024E027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL2024E027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the D3Q19 multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for large eddy simulation (LES) was employed to optimize the shape of the vortex generator in a triangular vortex flowmeter. The optimization process focused on the vortex shedding frequency, lift force per unit area, and symmetry of the vortex street. The optimal shape of the vortex generator was determined to feature a 180\u00b0 incoming flow surface, a concave arc side with a curvature radius of 25 mm, and a fillet radius of 4 mm at the end. Numerical simulations revealed that the optimized vortex generator achieves a 2.72~13.8% increase in vortex shedding frequency and a 17.2~53.9% reduction in pressure drop and can adapt to the flow conditions of productivity fluctuations (6.498 \u00d7 105 \u2264 Re \u2264 22.597 \u00d7 105) in the gas well production. The results demonstrated significant advantages, including low pressure loss, minimal secondary vortex generation, high vortex shedding frequency, and substantial lift force. These findings underscore the robustness and efficiency of the LBM-LES method in simulating complex flow dynamics and optimizing vortex generator designs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17040534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1743572613000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shape Optimization of the Triangular Vortex Flowmeter Based on the LBM Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1159-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiji","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSSC No. 703 Research Institute, Harbin 150078, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautics and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7840-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Online Measurement of Gas and Liquid Flow Rates in Wet Gas Using Vortex Flowmeter Coupled with Conductance Ring Sensor","volume":"71","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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