{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:42:08Z","timestamp":1760031728402,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Algebra University College","award":["2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To solve fractional differential equations, they are typically converted into their corresponding crisp problems through a process known as the embedding method. This paper introduces a novel direct approach to solving fuzzy differential equations using fuzzy calculations, bypassing the need for this transformation. In this study, we develop the fuzzy Adams\u2013Bashforth (A-B) method and the fuzzy Adams\u2013Moulton (A-M) method to find numerical solutions for fuzzy fractional differential equations (FFDEs) with fuzzy initial values. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods, we determine both the local truncation error and the global truncation error. Additionally, we establish the convergence and stability of these methods in detail. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the flexibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17040545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T16:26:31Z","timestamp":1743611191000},"page":"545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Solution for Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations by Fuzzy Multi-Step Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Safikhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Miyaneh Branch Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh 14778-93855, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tofigh","family":"Allahviranloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Performance and Productivity Analysis, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Quantum Technologies Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5093-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Mrsic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Sciences, Algebra Bernays University, Gradiscanska 24, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Rudolfovo\u2014Science and Technology Centre Novo Mesto, Podbreznik 15, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sovan","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Performance and Productivity Analysis, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Technical Sciences, Algebra Bernays University, Gradiscanska 24, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya, Tamluk 721636, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/4\/545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:00Z","timestamp":1760029740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/4\/545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17040545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17040545","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]}}}