{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T06:39:39Z","timestamp":1775975979396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12302239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12302239"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XJ2022009102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2022009102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KFJJ-2023015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ-2023015"]}]},{"name":"Hubei University of Technology","award":["12302239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12302239"]}]},{"name":"Hubei University of Technology","award":["XJ2022009102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2022009102"]}]},{"name":"Hubei University of Technology","award":["KFJJ-2023015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ-2023015"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering","award":["12302239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12302239"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering","award":["XJ2022009102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2022009102"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering","award":["KFJJ-2023015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJJ-2023015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of SFHCPs under low-velocity impact and compression after impact (CAI) conditions. Symmetric foam-filled hat-stiffened composite panels (SFHCPs) are widely used in critical load-bearing structures such as vessels and aircraft due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and integrated stiffener design. However, due to the material\u2019s high sensitivity to impact, it is necessary to conduct a systematic evaluation of its application reliability. By integrating experimental testing and numerical simulation, the buckling modes characterized by symmetry and envelope number were adopted as key performance indicators. The integration of an optical buckling measurement method with iterative finite element model (FEM) updates significantly enhances model accuracy and computational efficiency. Experimental results indicate that for specimens impacted at the mid-section of the stiffener the residual compressive strength drops sharply from 106 kN to 40.6 kN (a reduction of 61.7%), with the buckling mode changing from a symmetric four-wave pattern in the undamaged state to localized buckling in the impact region, leading to brittle failure. The integration of FPP data improved the accuracy of the FEM, highlighting the critical influence of the symmetry of the buckling mode in optimizing impact-resistant composite structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17040570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:41:51Z","timestamp":1744270911000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact and Post-Impact Compression Buckling Behavior of Symmetrical Foam-Filled Hat-Stiffened Panels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8736-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Aerospace Systems Engineering, Shanghai 201100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVIC SAC Commercial Aircraft Company Ltd., Shenyang 201108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongsheng","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenfei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeast University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanting","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacturing Quantity Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.06.037","article-title":"Fire performance of polymer-based composites for maritime infrastructure","volume":"155","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. 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