{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:11:23Z","timestamp":1760058683811,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201411","62371378","62471352","XJSJ24035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201411","62371378","62471352","XJSJ24035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201411","62371378","62471352","XJSJ24035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201411","62371378","62471352","XJSJ24035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a parallel ray tracing (RT) algorithm based on a graphic processing unit (GPU) applied to electromagnetic scattering calculations in an inhomogeneous plasma to enhance the computational efficiency of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm utilizes a fourth-order Runge\u2013Kutta method to solve the Haselgrove equation to track ray paths within the inhomogeneous plasma and implements parallel processing of the RT procedure using GPU. By independently assigning single threads to the rays originating from the vertices and the midpoints of each triangulated ray tube, a substantial number of rays are traced in parallel to reduce the algorithm runtime. The results indicate that the parallel RT algorithm based on GPU significantly enhances computation efficiency in inhomogeneous plasma while maintaining accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17040627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T20:42:00Z","timestamp":1745268120000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Parallel Ray Tracing Algorithm for Electromagnetic Scattering in Inhomogeneous Plasma Using Graphic Processing Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3697-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Perception in Complex Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Perception in Complex Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Perception in Complex Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2021.3081262","article-title":"Analysis of Echo Characteristics of Spatially Inhomogeneous and Time-Varying Plasma Sheath","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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