{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:12:34Z","timestamp":1760058754129,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Education of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20200044KJ","JJKH20230064KJ","JJKH20240084KJ","2022C045-11","[2024]016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20200044KJ","JJKH20230064KJ","JJKH20240084KJ","2022C045-11","[2024]016"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Development and Reform Commission","award":["JJKH20200044KJ","JJKH20230064KJ","JJKH20240084KJ","2022C045-11","[2024]016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20200044KJ","JJKH20230064KJ","JJKH20240084KJ","2022C045-11","[2024]016"]}]},{"name":"Beihua University Research and Innovation Project","award":["JJKH20200044KJ","JJKH20230064KJ","JJKH20240084KJ","2022C045-11","[2024]016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20200044KJ","JJKH20230064KJ","JJKH20240084KJ","2022C045-11","[2024]016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to enhance the tracking effectiveness of the position adjustment for the electronic throttle in electric vehicles, as well as boost fuel efficiency and the dynamic performance of the vehicles. Firstly, a mathematical model, which pertains to the electronic throttle system, is established, and subsequently, the nonlinear uncertain system is made into a linear uncertain system. Subsequently, a self-coupling PID control law is designed, and an analysis is conducted on the system\u2019s stability and its capacity to reject disturbances. Secondly, taking into consideration that the parameters of the PID controller with self-coupling mechanism are related to the system\u2019s response speed, disturbance rejection capability, and overshoot, a self-adjusting speed factor transition function is put forward to address the conflict between speed and overshoot. Finally, numerical simulations and experimental tests are carried out. The results verify that, compared with the conventional PID controller, ADRC (Active Disturbance Rejection Control), and fuzzy PID, the proposed controller has a faster response speed, higher control accuracy, and better robustness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17050673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1746185713000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Coupling PID Control with Adaptive Transition Function for Enhanced Electronic Throttle Position Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}]},{"given":"Peilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Connected Vehicle Development Institute, China FAW Group Co., Ltd., Changchun 130022, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4320-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical & Information Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y. (2004). Model-based analysis and tuning of electronic throttle controller. 2004 Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress, SAE International.","DOI":"10.4271\/2004-01-0524"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"491","article-title":"Electronic throttle control based on Backstepping method","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto, E., Tetsuya, I., and Yasut, Y. (2003). High reliability electronic throttle system design. 2003 Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress, SAE International.","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-01-0708"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"24","article-title":"Prescribed performance control Based on PSO identification and disturbance observer for automotive electronic throttle system with actuator constraint","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control Eng. Appl. 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Intelligent Control for Modern Transportation Systems, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003436089-9"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-04126-9","article-title":"Genetic Algorithm-Optimized Fuzzy Lyapunov Reinforcement Learning for Nonlinear Systems","volume":"45","author":"Kukker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9527","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05379-z","article-title":"Stochastic Genetic Algorithm-Assisted Fuzzy Q-Learning for Robotic Manipulators","volume":"46","author":"Kukker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"404","article-title":"Self-coupling PID Controllers","volume":"47","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actor Antomatica Sin."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/5\/673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:23:21Z","timestamp":1760030601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/5\/673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17050673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17050673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}}}