{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T21:57:50Z","timestamp":1773784670254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of CAD\/CAM technologies in modern production has revolutionized manufacturing processes, leading to significant improvements in precision, efficiency, and flexibility. These technologies enable the design and manufacturing of complex geometries with high accuracy, reducing errors and material waste. CAD\/CAM integration streamlines workflows, enhances productivity, and facilitates rapid prototyping, accelerating the time-to-market for new products. Additionally, it supports customization and scalability in production, allowing for cost-effective small-batch and large-scale manufacturing. Without a 3D model of the product, it is not possible to use the advantages of applying advanced CAD\/CAM technologies. Recognizing 3D models from engineering drawings is essential for modern production, especially for outsourcing companies in fluctuating market conditions, where the production process is organized with 2D workshop drawings on paper. This paper proposes a novel methodology for reconstructing 3D models from 2D engineering drawings, specifically those in DXF file format, leveraging a genetic algorithm. A core component of this approach is the representation of the 2D drawing as a symmetric adjacency matrix. This matrix serves as the foundational data structure for the genetic algorithm, enabling the evolutionary process to effectively optimize the 3D reconstruction. The experimental evaluation, conducted on multiple engineering drawing test cases (including both polyhedral and cylindrical geometries), demonstrated consistent convergence of the proposed GA-based method toward topologically valid and geometrically accurate 3D wireframe models. The approach achieved successful reconstruction in all cases, with fitness scores ranging from 1.1 to 112.2 depending on model complexity, and average execution times from 2 to 100 s. These results confirm the method\u2019s robustness, scalability, and applicability in real-world CAD environments, while establishing a new direction for topology-driven 3D reconstruction using evolutionary computation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17050771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T09:58:27Z","timestamp":1747303107000},"page":"771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Approach in 3D Model Reconstruction from Engineering Drawings Based on Symmetric Adjacency Matrices Using DXF Files and Genetic Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4723-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Predrag","family":"Miti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ko\u010dovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Mi\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kosovo and Metohija Academy of Applied Studies, 38218 Leposavi\u0107, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miladin","family":"Stefanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2856-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"\u00d0or\u0111evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9327-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Panti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Pri\u0161tina in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Damir","family":"Projovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Military Academy, The University of Defence in Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"From 2D Orthographic views to 3D Pseudo-Wireframe: An Automatic Procedure","volume":"5","author":"Furferi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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