{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:03:29Z","timestamp":1769519009212,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3502302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3502302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX23_2078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_2078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Youth Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3502302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3502302"]}]},{"name":"National Youth Science Foundation of China","award":["82204770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204770"]}]},{"name":"National Youth Science Foundation of China","award":["KYCX23_2078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_2078"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2022YFC3502302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3502302"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["82204770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204770"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX23_2078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX23_2078"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Body Mass Index (BMI) is a crucial indicator for assessing human obesity and overall health, providing valuable insights for applications such as health monitoring, patient re-identification, and personalized healthcare. Recently, several data-driven methods have been developed to estimate BMI using 2D and 3D features extracted from facial and body images or RGB-D data. However, current research faces challenges such as the incomplete consideration of anthropometric features, the neglect of multiplex networks, and low-BMI-estimation performance. To address these issues, this paper proposes three 3D anthropometric features, one 2D anthropometric feature, and a deep feature extraction method to comprehensively consider anthropometric features. Additionally, a BMI estimation method based on a multiplex network is introduced. In this method, three types of features are extracted by constructing a multichannel network, and BMI estimation is performed using Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods. By incorporating symmetry into our analysis, we can uncover deeper patterns and relationships within complex systems, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena under investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17060877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1749031816000},"page":"877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extracting Multi-Dimensional Features for BMI Estimation Using a Multiplex Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3052-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianshu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kongfa","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of TCM Intelligence Health Service, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Center for Major Health Risk Management and TCM Control Policy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00580-1","article-title":"Strengths and Limitations of BMI in the Diagnosis of Obesity: What is the Path Forward?","volume":"13","author":"Sweatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. 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