{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:49:39Z","timestamp":1772491779517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 62272239 and the Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&amp;D Program under grant [2023] 272.","award":["62272239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272239"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 62272239 and the Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&amp;D Program under grant [2023] 272.","award":["[2023] 272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023] 272"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&amp;D Program","award":["62272239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272239"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&amp;D Program","award":["[2023] 272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023] 272"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of UAVs for logistics delivery has become a hot topic in current research, and how to plan a reasonable delivery route is the key to the problem. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-environment logistics delivery route planning model that is based on UAVs, is characterized by a 3D environment model, and aims at the shortest delivery route with minimum flight undulation. In order to find the optimal route in various environments, a multi-strategy improved artificial lemming algorithm, which integrates the Cubic chaotic map initialization, double adaptive t-distribution perturbation, and population dynamic optimization, is proposed. The symmetric nature of the t-distribution ensures that the lemmings conduct extensive searches in both directions within the solution space, thus improving the convergence speed and preventing them from falling into local optimal solutions. Through data experiments and simulation analysis, the improved algorithm can be successfully applied to the 3D route planning model, and the route quality is superior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17060946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:20:23Z","timestamp":1750134023000},"page":"946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["3D UAV Route Optimization in Complex Environments Using an Enhanced Artificial Lemming Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postal Big Data Technology and Application Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postal Big Data Technology and Application Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Yougu Express Intelligent Technology Co., Wuhu 241399, China"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postal Big Data Technology and Application Engineering Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2023.103692","article-title":"E-commerce and logistics sprawl: A spatial exploration of last-mile logistics platforms","volume":"112","author":"Fried","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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