{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:41Z","timestamp":1760059481917,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB4203200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB4203200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate voltage information is important for ensuring the safe operation of power systems and their performance evaluation. However, as distributed energy sources become more prevalent, the levels of harmonics and DC components in the power grid are increasing notably, resulting in voltage waveform distortion and a breakdown of waveform symmetry. As a result, traditional voltage parameter detection methods are unable to obtain the voltage information accurately. To address this issue, this paper proposed a novel approach that leverages adaptive estimation to accurately detect voltage parameters under grid voltage distortion conditions. More importantly, the proposed method has the ability to extract the harmonics and the DC component without steady-state error and exhibits a fast dynamic response. With this approach, the amplitude of the grid voltage can be derived in 4.2 ms when the grid voltage is undistorted. In the presence of low-order harmonics, the amplitude of the grid voltage can be accurately derived in 10.7 ms. Finally, simulation results and experimental results are respectively used for model validation and functionality validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17060975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T09:57:48Z","timestamp":1750327068000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Voltage Parameter Adaptive Detection Method for Power Systems Under Grid Voltage Distortion Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0485-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1416-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4004-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qitao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ming Yang Smart Energy Group Limited, Zhongshan 528437, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ming Yang Smart Energy Group Limited, Zhongshan 528437, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinke","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ming Yang Smart Energy Group Limited, Zhongshan 528437, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2024.3419010","article-title":"Improved fault ride-through response of grid forming inverters under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults","volume":"40","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7863","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2024.3380626","article-title":"Voltage Support Strategy for Improving Power Transfer Capability of Grid-Connected Converter Under Unbalanced Conditions","volume":"39","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2016.0738","article-title":"Fast voltage detection method for grid-tied renewable energy generation systems under distorted grid voltage conditions","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Gao, F., He, G., and Li, G. (2014, January 16\u201320). Fast voltage detection method for the voltage ride through operation of grid-tied renewable energy generation systems. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition\u2014APEC 2014, Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2014.6803337"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139688","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3338361","article-title":"Enhanced Energy Delivery for Solar PV Distributed Generators at Voltage Sags","volume":"11","author":"Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Styvaktakis, E., Bollen, M.H., and Gu, I.Y. (2002, January 21\u201325). Automatic classification of power system events using RMS voltage measurements. Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2007.893185","article-title":"A new method of voltage sag and swell detection","volume":"22","author":"Naidoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, W., and Su, S. (2011, January 16\u201318). Voltage flicker detection based on wavelet fourier transform. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Yichang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECENG.2011.6056776"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2273461","article-title":"Moving average filter based phase-locked loops: Performance analysis and design guidelines","volume":"29","author":"Golestan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2183894","article-title":"Design and tuning of a modified power-based PLL for single-phase grid-connected power conditioning systems","volume":"27","author":"Golestan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-022-01834-1","article-title":"A high-speed frequency adaptive grid synchronization technique for single-phase inverter under distorted grid conditions","volume":"47","author":"Avudaiappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobotaru, M., Teodorescu, R., and Blaabjerg, F. (2006, January 18\u201322). A new single-phase PLL structure based on second order generalized integrator. Proceedings of the 2006 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/pesc.2006.1711988"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2013.0413","article-title":"Single-phase phase locked loop with DC offset and noise rejection for photovoltaic inverters","volume":"7","author":"Lubura","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"78","article-title":"Addressing DC component in PLL and notch filter algorithms","volume":"27","author":"Khajehoddin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar, M.A., Choudhury, S., and Saha, S. (2018, January 1\u20132). LQR based PI controller tuning for transport delay-phase locked loop (TD-PLL). Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Innovative Applications of Computational Intelligence on Power, Energy and Controls with their Impact on Humanity (CIPECH), Ghaziabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIPECH.2018.8724257"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2020.3043490","article-title":"A Systematic Approach of Loop Filter Tuning of TD-Based PLLs Using LQR-Based Approach Considering Time Delay","volume":"10","author":"Akhtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3226242","article-title":"A Systematic Approach to Design Amplitude Estimators for NTD-PLL: Performance Improvement Under Abnormal Grid Disturbances","volume":"38","author":"Akhtar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151331","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3479707","article-title":"Variable-Length Transfer Delay-Based Synchronization Approach for Improved Dynamic Performance in Single-Phase Inverters","volume":"12","author":"Pompodakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2555280","article-title":"An adaptive quadrature signal generation-based single-phase phase-locked loop for grid-connected applications","volume":"64","author":"Golestan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pin, G., Chen, B., Fedele, G., and Parisini, T. (2020, January 24\u201326). Robust Frequency-Adaptive PLL with Lyapunov Stability Guarantees. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCTA41146.2020.9206308"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2022.3175319","article-title":"Robust Frequency-Adaptive Quadrature Phase-Locked-Loops with Lyapunov-Certified Global Stability","volume":"31","author":"Pin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, S.V., Behera, S., N, V.R.N., and Karthik, M. (2023, January 28\u201330). SOGI-PLL Based Control Technique for the Single-Phase Single-Stage Grid Connected PV System. Proceedings of the 2023 First International Conference on Cyber Physical Systems, Power Electronics and Electric Vehicles (ICPEEV), Hyderabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPEEV58650.2023.10391943"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2018.2871032","article-title":"A fixed-length transfer delay based adaptive frequency-locked loop for single-phase systems","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2016.2605131","article-title":"Adaptive estimation of three-phase grid voltage parameters under unbalanced faults and harmonic disturbances","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Teja, A.V.R., and J, K. (2023, January 16\u201319). A Novel Variable Time Delay FLL Based Estimation of Positive and Negative Sequence Components of Grid. Proceedings of the IECON 2023\u201449th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, G. (2003). Adaptive Control Design and Analysis, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471459100"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin, G.C., and Welsh, J.S. (2002, January 8\u201310). Self excited closed loop parametric estimation in the presence of noise undermodelling. Proceedings of the 2002 American Control Conference (IEEE Cat. No. CH37301), Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2002.1025306"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"127","article-title":"Multiresonant frequency-locked loop for grid synchronization of power converters under distorted grid conditions","volume":"58","author":"Luna","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2236848","article-title":"A novel phase-locked loop based on frequency detector and initial phase angle detector","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2149542","article-title":"Variable sampling period filter PLL for distorted three-phase systems","volume":"27","author":"Carugati","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.890000","article-title":"Decoupled double synchronous reference frame PLL for power converters control","volume":"22","author":"Pou","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/electricity2030015","article-title":"Comparison of DSOGI-based PLL for phase estimation in three-phase weak grids","volume":"2","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electricity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2204276","article-title":"Design-oriented study of advanced synchronous reference frame phase-locked loops","volume":"28","author":"Golestan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/6\/975\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:55:09Z","timestamp":1760032509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/6\/975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17060975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17060975","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}