{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:25:34Z","timestamp":1775661934929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62441308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62441308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Path planning is crucial for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and plays a vital role in ocean engineering. To improve the search efficiency and accuracy, this study proposed a three-dimensional path-planning method for AUVs based on the interval multi-objective secretary bird optimization algorithm (IMOSBOA). This method addressed path-planning challenges under imprecise current predictions and uncertain hazard source locations. First, the marine environment was modeled in three dimensions using the interval theory. Second, the danger levels and navigation times were set as the optimization objectives to construct a three-dimensional path-planning mathematical model. Finally, IMOSBOA was proposed and applied to solve the optimization problem. To verify the optimization performance of the new algorithm, its planning results were compared with those of the other algorithms. The simulation results demonstrated that the robustness and search capability of the proposed algorithm surpass those of comparative algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17070993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T10:44:41Z","timestamp":1750761881000},"page":"993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Three-Dimensional Path Planning for AUVs Based on Interval Multi-Objective Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3638-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runkang","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3678-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9813-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuxia","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2677-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Centre, Wuxi 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Centre, Wuxi 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Centre, Wuxi 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Ship Scientific Research Centre, Wuxi 214000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114393","article-title":"A survey of underwater search for multi-target using Multi-AUV: Task allocation, path planning, and formation control","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114912","article-title":"Data collection optimization of ocean observation network based on AUV path planning and communication","volume":"282","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.04.062","article-title":"Coordinated path planning for an unmanned aerial-aquatic vehicle (UAAV) and an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in an underwater target strike mission","volume":"182","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.10.007","article-title":"A survey on path planning for persistent autonomy of autonomous underwater vehicles","volume":"110","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"101610","article-title":"Unloading sequence planning for autonomous robotic container-unloading system using A-star search algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Auh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. 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