{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:01:01Z","timestamp":1777600861882,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX25_2188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX25_2188"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the problems of leakage and misdetection caused by insufficient multi-scale feature extraction and an excessive amount of model parameters in bridge defect detection, this paper proposes the AMSF-Pyramid-YOLOv11n model. First, a Cooperative Optimization Module (COPO) is introduced, which consists of the designed multi-level dilated shared convolution (FPSharedConv) and a dual-domain attention block. Through the joint optimization of FPSharedConv and a CGLU gating mechanism, the module significantly improves feature extraction efficiency and learning capability. Second, the Unified Global-Multiscale Bottleneck (UGMB) multi-scale feature pyramid designed in this study efficiently integrates the FCGL_MANet, WFU, and HAFB modules. By leveraging the symmetry of Haar wavelet decomposition combined with local-global attention, this module effectively addresses the challenge of multi-scale feature fusion, enhancing the model\u2019s ability to capture both symmetrical and asymmetrical bridge defect patterns. Finally, an optimized lightweight detection head (LCB_Detect) is employed, which reduces the parameter count by 6.35% through shared convolution layers and separate batch normalization. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 60.3% on a self-constructed bridge defect dataset, representing an improvement of 11.3% over the baseline YOLOv11n. The model effectively reduces the false positive rate while improving the detection accuracy of bridge defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17071025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T05:00:37Z","timestamp":1751259637000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Bridge Defect Detection Algorithm Based on UGMB Multi-Scale Feature Extraction and Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guxue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongtong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Software Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dirmeier, J., and Paterson, J. 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