{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T14:38:30Z","timestamp":1781361510793,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cTianshan Talent\u201d Youth Top-Notch Talent Cultivation Program","award":["2024TSYCCX0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSYCCX0037"]}]},{"name":"\u201cTianshan Talent\u201d Youth Top-Notch Talent Cultivation Program","award":["FG2024375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FG2024375"]}]},{"name":"\u201cTianshan Talent\u201d Youth Top-Notch Talent Cultivation Program","award":["52369021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52369021"]}]},{"name":"\u201cTianshan Talent\u201d Youth Top-Notch Talent Cultivation Program","award":["52178399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178399"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education 2024 Domestic Visiting Engineer Program for University-Enterprise Cooperation Projects","award":["2024TSYCCX0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSYCCX0037"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education 2024 Domestic Visiting Engineer Program for University-Enterprise Cooperation Projects","award":["FG2024375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FG2024375"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education 2024 Domestic Visiting Engineer Program for University-Enterprise Cooperation Projects","award":["52369021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52369021"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education 2024 Domestic Visiting Engineer Program for University-Enterprise Cooperation Projects","award":["52178399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178399"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024TSYCCX0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSYCCX0037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["FG2024375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FG2024375"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52369021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52369021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52178399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178399"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accidental ground surcharge loads can induce adverse effects such as segment cracking in underlying shield tunnel structures, with particularly pronounced impacts on pre-damaged tunnel segments. Cracks represent one of the most common initial damage forms in shield tunnel structures. To investigate through-crack failure mechanisms in shield tunnel segments with initial cracks under surcharge loading, this study conducted 1:8 scaled indoor model tests, considering factors including initial crack length, quantity, morphology, and surcharge position. Research findings demonstrate that increased initial crack length and quantity significantly reduce the critical load required for through-crack formation. Specifically, segments with 9 cm longitudinal initial cracks required 50.9% less load to develop through-cracks compared to intact segments. Similarly, segments containing two 9 cm circumferential initial cracks exhibited a 22.1% reduction in critical load relative to those with single circumferential cracks. Initial cracks in pre-damaged segments substantially influence the propagation path of new cracks during subsequent loading failures. The detrimental effects of staggered longitudinal-circumferential initial cracks exceed those of purely longitudinal cracks, which themselves pose greater risks than circumferential cracks alone. Bilateral surcharge loading significantly increases the critical load threshold for through-crack formation compared to unilateral loading. This highlights the severe structural risks associated with uneven load distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17071036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1751347708000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental Study on Failure Mechanisms of Shield Tunnel Segments with Initial Cracks Under Surcharge Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"},{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"},{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effect of ground surface surcharge on longitudinal deformation of existing shield tunnel","volume":"40","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Archit. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Time-domain solution for soil feedback induced by shield tunneling in viscoelastic strata considering influences of surcharge loading","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2020.100321","article-title":"Study on the behavior of squared and sub-rectangular tunnels using the hyperstatic reaction method","volume":"22","author":"Ngoc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Calculation of rotation and segment ring dislocation deformation caused by surcharge in shield tunnels","volume":"39","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunn. Constr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2012.12.008","article-title":"Stability of dual circular tunnels in cohesive-frictional soil subjected to surcharge loading","volume":"50","author":"Kentaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"112","article-title":"Case study and treatment technology for deformed shield tunnel in soft soils induced by road construction","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"67","article-title":"Analysis of disease and structural safety of shield tunnel under accidental surface surcharge","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Railw. Eng. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.undsp.2024.05.003","article-title":"Full-scale loading test for shield tunnel segments: Load-bearing performance and failure patterns of lining structures","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Undergr. Space."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2015.10.044","article-title":"Resilience analysis of shield tunnel lining under extreme surcharge: Characterization and field application","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Case study on repair work for excessively deformed shield tunnel under accidental surface surcharge in soft clay","volume":"38","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"175","article-title":"Study on deformation law and reinforcement effects of metro shield tunnel segments under loading and unloading","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban Mass Transit"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5764","article-title":"Working state of existing tunnel under ground sureharge","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Three-dimensional elaborate numerical modelling analysis on the deformation mechanism of metro shield tunnel induced by sudden surface surcharge","volume":"30","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-021-01987-6","article-title":"FEA of urban rock tunnels under impact loading at targeted velocity","volume":"40","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"750","article-title":"Deformation law and control limit of shield tunnel cross-section under eccentric surcharge load","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. (Sci. Technol.)"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1509","article-title":"Shield tunnel segment and circumferential joint performance under surface surcharge","volume":"51","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2015.04.004","article-title":"Assessment the influence of ground stratification, tunnel and surface buildings specifications on shield tunnel lining loads (by FEM)","volume":"49","author":"Katebi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2009.04.002","article-title":"A study on the effects of overlying soil strata on the stresses developing in a tunnel lining","volume":"24","author":"Nunes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"487","article-title":"Experimental investigations on failure mechanisms of DOT shield tunnel subjected to extreme surface surcharge","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4277","article-title":"Model tests on deformation and failure characteristics of shield tunnel in soil-rock composite stratum under surface surcharge","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Railw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"736","article-title":"Experimental investigation on longitudinal mechanical mechanism of shield tunnels subjected to ground surface surcharge","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, G., Zhang, S.M., and Xiang, P.F. (2021). Model test study on the influence of ground surcharges on the deformation of shield tunnels. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13091565"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"95","article-title":"Analysis of interaction between existing shield tunnel and stratum under surface surcharge in soft soil region","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. China Railw. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2013). Technical Code for Protection Structures of Urban Rail Transit (Standard No. CJJ\/T 202-2013)."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"200","article-title":"Study on influence of confining pressure on mechanical properties of staggered assembly segment lining structure","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/7\/1036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:02:16Z","timestamp":1760032936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/7\/1036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17071036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17071036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}