{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:43:41Z","timestamp":1776415421915,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12105042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12105042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20192ACB80006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192ACB80006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DHSQT22021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHSQT22021001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D of Jiangxi Province","award":["12105042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12105042"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D of Jiangxi Province","award":["20192ACB80006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192ACB80006"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D of Jiangxi Province","award":["DHSQT22021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHSQT22021001"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Double Thousand Plan","award":["12105042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12105042"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Double Thousand Plan","award":["20192ACB80006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192ACB80006"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Double Thousand Plan","award":["DHSQT22021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHSQT22021001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the magnetic configuration of the China Astro-Torus-1 (CAT-1) levitated dipole device, this study investigated the confinement performance of common discharge gas ions under E \u00d7 B transverse transport conditions induced by electric fields. By adjusting L-coil parameters to shift the inject location, it was found that when the loss boundary is in the outer weak-field region, most particles with large Larmor radii are lost after colliding with the wall, for particles with large pitch angles, the strongly anisotropic magnetic field causes particles across a broad range of energies to be lost through the X-point into the divertor. The study demonstrates that for particle kinetic energies between 100 and 300 eV, the CAT-1 device exhibits a loss cone angle \u03b8loss of approximately 58\u00b0, indicating favorable confinement performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17071057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1751600846000},"page":"1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamics and Confinement Characteristics of the Last Closed Surface in a Levitated Dipole Configuration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330105, China"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geophysics and Measurement and Control Technology, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330105, China"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330105, China"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330105, China"}]},{"given":"Guoshu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330105, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Book Review: Space physics: An introduction to plasmas and particles in the heliosphere and the magnetosphere\/Springer, 1998","volume":"27","author":"Kallenrode","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ir. 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