{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:36:12Z","timestamp":1760060172885,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62371249","BE2023087","JSGCZX23010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371249","BE2023087","JSGCZX23010"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["62371249","BE2023087","JSGCZX23010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371249","BE2023087","JSGCZX23010"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology, NJUPT","award":["62371249","BE2023087","JSGCZX23010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371249","BE2023087","JSGCZX23010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the era of Industry 5.0, future wireless networks are increasingly shifting from traditional symmetric architectures toward heterogeneous and asymmetric paradigms, driven by the demand for diversified and dynamic services. This architectural evolution gives rise to complex and asymmetric flows, such as the coexistence of periodic and burst flows with varying latency, jitter, and deadline constraints, posing new challenges for deterministic transmission. Traditional time-sensitive networking (TSN) is well-suited for periodic flows but lacks the flexibility to effectively handle dynamic, asymmetric traffi. To address this limitation, we propose a two-stage asymmetric flow scheduling framework with dynamic deadline control, termed A-TSN. In the first stage, we design a Deep Q-Network-based Dynamic Injection Time Slot algorithm (DQN-DITS) to optimize slot allocation for periodic flows under varying network loads. In the second stage, we introduce the Dynamic Deadline Online (DDO) scheduling algorithm, which enables real-time scheduling for asymmetric flows while satisfying flow deadlines and capacity constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces end-to-end latency, improves scheduling efficiency, and enhances adaptability to high-volume asymmetric traffic, offering a scalable solution for future deterministic wireless networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17081246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T07:45:11Z","timestamp":1754466311000},"page":"1246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deterministic Scheduling for Asymmetric Flows in Future Wireless Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Haie","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2640-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taojie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Communication and Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v18i01.35987","article-title":"Enhancement of online education in engineering college based on mobile wireless communication networks and IoT","volume":"18","author":"Kadhim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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