{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:42Z","timestamp":1760060322288,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National The Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072133","ZG2023028","ZG2024013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072133","ZG2023028","ZG2024013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Wenzhou","award":["62072133","ZG2023028","ZG2024013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072133","ZG2023028","ZG2024013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, fog-based vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become a hot research topic. Due to the inherent insecurity of open wireless channels between vehicles and fog nodes, establishing session keys through authenticated key agreement (AKA) protocols is critically important for securing communications. However, existing AKA schemes face several critical challenges: (1) When a large number of vehicles initiate AKA requests within a short time window, existing schemes that process requests one by one individually incur severe signaling congestion, resulting in significant quality of service degradation. (2) Many AKA schemes incur excessive computational and communication overheads due to the adoption of computationally intensive cryptographic primitives (e.g., bilinear pairings and scalar multiplications on elliptic curve groups) and unreasonable design choices, making them unsuitable for the low-latency requirements of VANETs. To address these issues, we propose a lightweight batch AKA scheme based on fog computing. In our scheme, when a group of vehicles requests AKA sessions with the same fog node within the set time interval, the fog node aggregates these requests and, with assistance from the traffic control center, establishes session keys for all vehicles by a round of operations. It has significantly reduced the operational complexity of the entire system. Moreover, our scheme employs Lagrange interpolation and lightweight cryptographic tools, thereby significantly reducing both computational and communication overheads. Additionally, our scheme supports conditional privacy preservation and includes a revocation mechanism for malicious vehicles. Security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme meets the security and privacy requirements of VANETs. Performance evaluation indicates that our scheme outperforms existing state-of-the-art solutions in terms of efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17081350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T13:28:22Z","timestamp":1755523702000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Lightweight Batch Authenticated Key Agreement Scheme Based on Fog Computing for VANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3039-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huacheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science and Artifical Intelligence, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3023933","article-title":"Delay Characterization of Mobile-Edge Computing for 6G Time-Sensitive Services","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.2986617","article-title":"Edge Computing in VANETs-An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Cooperative Downloading Scheme","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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