{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:00:07Z","timestamp":1774501207008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022XXX2808004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XXX2808004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2809605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2809605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study introduces a memristive Hopfield neural network (M-HNN) model to investigate electromagnetic radiation impacts on neural dynamics in complex electromagnetic environments. The proposed framework integrates a magnetic flux-controlled memristor into a three-neuron Hopfield architecture, revealing significant alterations in network dynamics through comprehensive nonlinear analysis. Numerical investigations demonstrate that memristor-induced electromagnetic effects induce distinctive phenomena, including coexisting attractors, transient chaotic states, symmetric bifurcation diagrams and attractor structures, and constant chaos. The proposed system can generate more than 12 different attractors and extends the chaotic region. Compared with the chaotic range of the baseline Hopfield neural network (HNN), the expansion amplitude reaches 933%. Dynamic characteristics are systematically examined using phase trajectory analysis, bifurcation mapping, and Lyapunov exponent quantification. Experimental validation via a DSP-based hardware implementation confirms the model\u2019s operational feasibility and consistency with numerical predictions, establishing a reliable platform for electromagnetic\u2013neural interaction studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17081352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T07:56:06Z","timestamp":1755590166000},"page":"1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design and Analysis of Memristive Electromagnetic Radiation in a Hopfield Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Sea Marine Technology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources (North China Sea Vessel and Aircraft Center, Ministry of Natural Resources), Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Sea Marine Technology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources (North China Sea Vessel and Aircraft Center, Ministry of Natural Resources), Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"given":"Hongxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Sea Marine Support Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Sea Marine Technology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources (North China Sea Vessel and Aircraft Center, Ministry of Natural Resources), Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7878-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Sea Marine Technology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources (North China Sea Vessel and Aircraft Center, Ministry of Natural Resources), Qingdao 266000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-025-10949-z","article-title":"Non-bifurcation regulation of chaos in a memristive Hopfield neural network","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-024-09399-w","article-title":"Switchable memristor-based Hindmarsh-Rose neuron under electromagnetic radiation","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-025-11139-7","article-title":"Implementation of a cell neural network under electromagnetic radiation with complex dynamics","volume":"113","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2024.115478","article-title":"Design and analysis of grid attractors in memristive Hopfield neural networks","volume":"188","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06932","article-title":"The missing memristor found","volume":"453","author":"Strukov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yihyis, W.A., He, S.B., Tang, Z.Q., and Wang, H.H. 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