{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:31:55Z","timestamp":1782484315505,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dezhou Industrial Robot System Integration Engineering Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research proposes a novel adaptive robust fault-tolerant controller for symmetrical robotic manipulators subject to model uncertainties and actuator failures. The key innovation lies in the design of a new sliding manifold that effectively integrates the advantages of a hyperbolic tangent function-based practical sliding manifold and a fast terminal sliding manifold. This structure not only eliminates the reaching phase and accelerates error convergence but also significantly enhances system robustness while mitigating chattering. Moreover, the proposed manifold ensures the global non-singularity of the equivalent control law, thereby improving overall stability. Another major contribution is an adjustable adaptive strategy that dynamically estimates the unknown bounds of fault information and external disturbances, reducing the reliance on prior knowledge. The stability and convergence of the robotic system under the proposed scheme are theoretically analyzed and guaranteed. Finally, simulation experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17091547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1758007982000},"page":"1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Sliding Mode Control Design for Robotic Manipulators with Uncertainties and Actuator Failures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6452-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou 253000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1420-1212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou 253000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13083","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2024.3357875","article-title":"Time-delay sliding mode control for trajectory tracking of robot manipulators","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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