{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:25:22Z","timestamp":1780615522572,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2016EEM13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2016EEM13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to unveil the symmetry\u2013asymmetry transition mechanisms in transient fault waveforms of offshore wind power AC\/DC transmission systems, addressing the critical limitation of traditional simulation methods of the fact that they cannot characterize the dynamic evolution of system symmetry, such as static impedance adjustment failing to capture transient asymmetry caused by parameter imbalance or converter control. It proposes a fault waveform simulation approach integrating mechanism analysis, scenario extraction, and model optimization. Key contributions include clarifying the quantitative links between key system parameters like submarine cable capacitance and inductance and symmetry\u2013asymmetry characteristics, defining the transient decay rate oscillation frequency and voltage peak as core indicators to quantify symmetry breaking intensity; classifying typical fault scenarios into a symmetry-breaking type with synchronous three-phase imbalance and a persistent asymmetry type with zero-sequence and negative-sequence distortion based on symmetry evolution dynamics and revising grid-connection test indices such as lowering the low-voltage ride-through threshold and specifying the voltage type for different test objectives; and constructing a simplified embedded RLC second-order model with symmetry\u2013asymmetry constraints to reproduce the whole process of symmetric steady state\u2013fault symmetry breaking\u2013recovery symmetry reconstruction. Simulation results verify the method\u2019s effectiveness, with symmetry indicator reproduction errors \u2264 5% and asymmetric feature fitting goodness R2 \u2265 0.92, which confirms that the method can effectively reveal the symmetry\u2013asymmetry mechanisms of offshore wind power fault transients and provides reliable technical support for improving offshore wind power fault simulation accuracy and grid-connection test reliability, laying a theoretical basis for the grid-connection testing of offshore wind turbines and promoting the stable operation of offshore wind power systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17091551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1758021571000},"page":"1551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling Transient Waveforms of Offshore Wind Power AC\/DC Transmission Faults: Unveiling Symmetry\u2013Asymmetry Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Qingdao Huanghai University, Qingdao 266427, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Power Supply Company, State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Zhancheng Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prajzendanc, P., and Kreischer, C. 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