{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:44:24Z","timestamp":1759365864628,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive deficiencies are significant factors affecting aviation piloting capabilities. However, due to the limited stability resulting from the insufficient appeal of traditional attention or memory cognitive training, multi-task gamified cognitive training (MTGCT) may be more beneficial in generating far transfer effects in task performance. This study explores the enhancement effects of simulated flight operation capabilities based on visuo-spatial attention and working memory MTGCT. Additionally, we explore the neurophysiological impacts through changes in EEG power spectral density (PSD) characteristics and brain asymmetry, and whether these impacts exhibit a certain retention effect. This study designed a 28-day simulated flight operation capability enhancement experiment. In addition, the behavioral performance and EEG signal changes in 28 college students (divided into control and training groups) were analyzed. The results indicated that MTGCT significantly enhanced simulated flight operational capabilities, and the neural framework formed by physiological changes remains effective for at least two weeks. The physiological changes included a decrease in the \u03b8 band PSD and an increase in the \u03b1 band PSD in the frontal and parietal lobes due to optimized cognitive resource allocation, as well as the frontal \u03b8 band leftward asymmetry and the frontoparietal \u03b1 band rightward asymmetry due to the formation of neural activity patterns. These findings support, to some extent, the feasibility and effectiveness of using MTGCT as a periodic training method to enhance the operational and cognitive abilities of aviation personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T11:06:02Z","timestamp":1759316762000},"page":"1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Far Transfer Effects of Multi-Task Gamified Cognitive Training on Simulated Flight: Short-Term Theta and Alpha Signal Changes and Asymmetry Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8376-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7717-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Control System R&D Department, Computer Application Technology Research Institute, China Ordnance Industry, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8392-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengxuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaodi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7187-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3225","article-title":"Cognitive biases in visual pilots\u2019 weather-related decision making","volume":"30","author":"Walmsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/24721840.2023.2231506","article-title":"The effects of aeronautical decision-making models on student pilots\u2019 situational awareness and cognitive workload in simulated non-normal flight deck environment","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981231184188","article-title":"Variation of pilots\u2019 mental workload under emergency flight conditions induced by different equipment failures: A flight simulator study","volume":"2678","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callan, D.E., Durantin, G., and Terzibas, C. (2015). Classification of single-trial auditory events using dry-wireless EEG during real and motion simulated flight. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00011"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2024.101282","article-title":"Exploring the impact of virtual reality flight simulations on EEG neural patterns and task performance","volume":"88","author":"Wiltshire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Jia, W., Jennings, S., Law, A., Bourgon, A., Su, C., Larose, M.H., Grenier, H., Bowness, D., and Zeng, Y. (2024). Monitoring pilot trainees\u2019 cognitive control under a simulator-based training process with EEG microstate analysis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76046-0"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dismukes, R.K., Kochan, J.A., and Goldsmith, T.E. (2018). Flight crew errors in challenging and stressful situations. Aviat. Psychol. Appl. Hum. Factors, 8, Available online: https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1027\/2192-0923\/a000129?journalCode=apf.","DOI":"10.1027\/2192-0923\/a000129"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2020.v12s3.39460","article-title":"The effect of the altitude zone on cognitive function for male pilots in indoctrination and aerophysiology training in 2019","volume":"12","author":"Heratika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W.G., Yu, P.P., Wu, L.H., Cao, Y.F., Zhou, Y., and Yuan, J.J. (2024). Pilot turning behavior cognitive load analysis in simulated flight. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1450416"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.956151","article-title":"State of science: Mental workload in ergonomics","volume":"58","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1632860","article-title":"EEG coherence in theta, alpha, and beta bands in frontal regions and executive functions","volume":"28","author":"Basharpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturman, D., Wiggins, M.W., Auton, J.C., Loft, S., Helton, W.S., Westbrook, J.I., and Braithwaite, J. (2019). Control room operators\u2019 cue utilization predicts cognitive resource consumption during regular operational tasks. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01967"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Z., Sato, T., Jackson, A., Jayarathna, S., Itoh, M., and Yamani, Y. (2024). Gaze transition entropy as a measure of attention allocation in a dynamic workspace involving automation. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74244-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi, H., Yasuda, T., and Shinozaki, S. (2008, January 14\u201317). Use of visual working memory in a manipulative task. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2008.4694237"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taya, F., Sun, Y., Babiloni, F., Thakor, N., and Bezerianos, A. (2015). Brain enhancement through cognitive training: A new insight from brain connectome. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00044"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2012.689208","article-title":"Cognitive-adaptation training for improving performance and stress management of air force pilots","volume":"22","author":"Fornette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2025.05.002","article-title":"To enhance or not to enhance: A debate about cognitive enhancement from a psychological and neuroscientific perspective","volume":"54","author":"Grinschgl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Life Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01647","article-title":"Action video game modifies visual selective attention","volume":"423","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3135","article-title":"Brains on video games","volume":"12","author":"Bavelier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12486","article-title":"Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults","volume":"501","author":"Anguera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-017-0933-z","article-title":"Game-based training of flexibility and attention improves task-switch performance: Near and far transfer of cognitive training in an EEG study","volume":"82","author":"Olfers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361886","article-title":"Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150525","article-title":"The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.07.008","article-title":"The AttentionTrip: A game-like tool for measuring the networks of attention","volume":"289","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12500","article-title":"When flanker meets the n-back: What EEG and pupil dilation data reveal about the interplay between the two central-executive working memory functions inhibition and updating","volume":"52","author":"Scharinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801268105","article-title":"Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory","volume":"105","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30242","article-title":"Effects of age and flight experience on prefrontal cortex activity in airline pilots: An fNIRS study","volume":"10","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","article-title":"Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information","volume":"16","author":"Klimesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.036","article-title":"Functional connectivity among multi-channel EEGs when working memory load reaches the capacity","volume":"1631","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2302","article-title":"Local experience-dependent changes in the wake EEG after prolonged wakefulness","volume":"36","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aric\u00f2, P., Borghini, G., Graziani, I., Taya, F., Sun, Y., Bezerianos, A., Thakor, N.V., Cincotti, F., and Babiloni, F. (2014, January 26\u201330). Towards a multimodal bioelectrical framework for the online mental workload evaluation. Proceedings of the 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6944254"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaj\u0105c-Lamparska, L., Zabielska-Mendyk, E., Zapa\u0142a, D., and Augustynowicz, P. (2024). Differences in the lateralization of theta and alpha power during n-back task performance between older and young adults in the context of the hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD) Model. Symmetry, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16121623"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20499","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908073106","article-title":"Evidence from intrinsic activity that asymmetry of the human brain is controlled by multiple factors","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.12.011","article-title":"Functional cortical connectivity analysis of mental fatigue unmasks hemispheric asymmetry and changes in small-world networks","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moisello, C., Meziane, H.B., Kelly, S., Perfetti, B., Kvint, S., Voutsinas, N., Blanco, D., Quartarone, A., Tononi, G., and Ghilardi, M.F. (2013). Neural activations during visual sequence learning leave a trace in post-training spontaneous EEG. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065882"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.06.033","article-title":"Cogmed cognitive training for working memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"581","author":"Paradela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Qiu, R., Qiu, H., Lu, H., and Zhu, X. (2023). Long-term effects of repeated multitarget high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on response inhibition gains. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1107116"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alain, C., Moussard, A., Singer, J., Lee, Y., Bidelman, G.M., and Moreno, S. (2019). Music and visual art training modulate brain activity in older adults. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00182"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salminen, T., Strobach, T., and Schubert, T. (2012). On the impacts of working memory training on executive functioning. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00166"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Zhang, Q., Qiao, H., Jin, D., Ngetich, R.K., Zhang, J., Jin, Z., and Li, L. (2021). Dual n-back working memory training evinces superior transfer effects compared to the method of loci. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82663-w"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.03.028","article-title":"Enhanced executive attention efficiency after adaptive force control training: Behavioural and physiological results","volume":"376","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.04.003","article-title":"The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Aksayli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-024-01245-6","article-title":"The effects of cognitive training on driving performance","volume":"26","author":"Tapia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baniqued, P.L., Kranz, M.B., Voss, M.W., Lee, H., Cosman, J.D., Severson, J., and Kramer, A.F. (2014). Cognitive training with casual video games: Points to consider. Front. Psychol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.01010"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.13037","article-title":"Flight emotions unleashed: Navigating training phases and difficulty levels in simulated flying","volume":"40","author":"Law","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13321","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13321","article-title":"Cognitive load and deception detection performance","volume":"47","author":"Wielgopolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.007","article-title":"The effect of task demand and incentive on neurophysiological and cardiovascular markers of effort","volume":"119","author":"Fairclough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Liu, G., and Zhu, B. (2024). Dynamic EEG-fMRI mapping: Revealing the relationship between brain connectivity and cognitive state. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.12.006","article-title":"Control mechanisms in working memory: A possible function of EEG theta oscillations","volume":"34","author":"Sauseng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","article-title":"Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreu-S\u00e1nchez, C., Mart\u00edn-Pascual, M.\u00c1., Gruart, A., and Delgado-Garc\u00eda, J.M. (2022). Brain symmetry in alpha band when watching cuts in movies. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14101980"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathewson, K.J., Hashemi, A., Sheng, B., Sekuler, A.B., Bennett, P.J., and Schmidt, L.A. (2015). Regional electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha power and asymmetry in older adults: A study of short-term test\u2013retest reliability. Front. Aging Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00177"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.005","article-title":"Assessing and conceptualizing frontal EEG asymmetry: An updated primer on recording, processing, analyzing, and interpreting frontal alpha asymmetry","volume":"111","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"360","article-title":"A comparison of heart rate, eye activity, EEG and subjective measures of pilot mental workload during flight","volume":"69","author":"Hankins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aviat. Space, Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verkennis, B., Van Weelden, E., Marogna, F.L., Alimardani, M., Wiltshire, T.J., and Louwerse, M.M. (2025, January 27\u201329). Predicting workload in virtual flight simulations using eeg spectral and connectivity features. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIxVR63409.2025.00019"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(94)90041-8","article-title":"Multiband topographic EEG analysis of a simulated visuomotor aviation task","volume":"16","author":"Sterman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1165","article-title":"Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory","volume":"7","author":"Olesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.745","article-title":"Plasticity of cortical activation related to working memory during training","volume":"161","author":"Hempel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slagter, H.A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L.L., Francis, A.D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J.M., and Davidson, R.J. (2007). Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050138"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9925-x","article-title":"Long-term brain effects of N-back training: An fMRI study","volume":"13","author":"Parcet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanavelu, K., Poonguzhali, S., Adalarasu, K., Ravi, D., Vinutha, S., and Ramachandran, K. (2020). Dynamic cognitive workload assessment for fighter pilots in simulated fighter aircraft environment using EEG. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 61.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102018"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.26599\/BSA.2023.9050014","article-title":"Brain asymmetry: A novel perspective on hemispheric network","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/24711616.2022.2128947","article-title":"Acute Effects of Cognitive Training Game on Functional Brain Asymmetry and Motor Performance in Golf Putting: A Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinesiol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01210-9","article-title":"Dose\u2013response relationship between computerized cognitive training and cognitive improvement","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T11:19:43Z","timestamp":1759317583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17101627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17101627","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}