{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:58:23Z","timestamp":1778723903708,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3007400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3007400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Projects of Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of China Ministry Education","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-distance high-voltage transmission tower-line system, frequently traversing active fault zones, is vulnerable to severe symmetry-breaking damage during earthquakes due to asymmetric permanent ground displacements. However, the seismic performance of such systems, particularly concerning symmetry-breaking effects caused by asymmetric fault displacements, remains inadequately studied. This study investigates the symmetry degradation mechanisms in a 1:40 scaled 500 kV tower-line system subjected to cross-fault ground motions via shaking table tests. The testing protocol incorporates representative fault mechanisms\u2014strike-slip and normal\/reverse faults\u2014to systematically evaluate their differential impacts on symmetry response. Measurements of acceleration, strain, and displacement reveal that while acceleration responses are spectrally controlled, structural damage is highly fault-type dependent and markedly asymmetric. The acceleration of towers without permanent displacement was 35\u201350% lower than that of towers with permanent displacement. Under identical permanent displacement conditions, peak displacements caused by normal\/reverse motions exceeded those from strike-slip motions by 50\u2013100%. Accordingly, a fault-type-specific amplification factor of 1.5 is proposed for the design of towers in dip-slip fault zones. These results offer novel experimental insights into symmetry violation under fault ruptures, including fault-specific correction factors and asymmetry-resistant design strategies. However, the conclusions are subject to limitations such as scale effects and the exclusion of vertical ground motion components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1759738251000},"page":"1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Asymmetric Structural Response Characteristics of Transmission Tower-Line Systems Under Cross-Fault Ground Motions Revealed by Shaking Table Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8778-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of China Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of China Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mianshui","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of China Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Response Analysis of Transmission Tower-Line System Under Smart-1 Seismic Ground Motion Excitation","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2016). Code for Seismic Design of Buildings, 2016 ed (Standard No. GB 50011-2010). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"18582","article-title":"Learning probabilistic symmetrization for architecture agnostic equivariance","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2009)14:3(203)","article-title":"Linear analysis of ordinary bridges crossing fault-rupture zones","volume":"14","author":"Goel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11012-014-9997-7","article-title":"Bridge-pier caisson foundations subjected to normal and thrust faulting: Physical experiments versus numerical analysis","volume":"50","author":"Gazetas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meccanica"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2016.10.001","article-title":"Effect of ground motion filtering on the dynamic response of a seismically isolated bridge with and without fault crossing considerations","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.3290","article-title":"Analysis of bridge structures crossing strike-slip fault rupture zones: A simple method for generating across-fault seismic ground motions","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"230","article-title":"Nonlinear seismic response characteristics of a single-tower cable-stayed bridge across a fault","volume":"34","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simulation of input ground motion and seismic response of fault-crossing structure","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2024.108712","article-title":"BPNN-predicted fault permanent dislocation and seismic response analyses of long-span suspension bridges crossing dip-slip faults","volume":"182","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"204","article-title":"A prediction of fault displacement and study of seismic response of suspension bridge across fault","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Railw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2020.106440","article-title":"Longitudinal response of buried pipeline under non-uniform seismic excitation from multi-point shaking table tests","volume":"140","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2022.107197","article-title":"Shaking table test research on shear behavior of cross-fault geosynthetics reinforced and pile-supported embankment","volume":"155","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2025.109671","article-title":"Dynamic response and failure mode of a novel seismic structure for fault-crossing tunnel: Theoretical analysis and shaking table test verification","volume":"177","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2025.106674","article-title":"Dynamic response analysis of cross-fault tunnel considering source-to-structure seismic input and near-fault effect","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zhang, T. (2023). Effect of Sma-Utmd On Seismic Performance of Transmission Tower Line System. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northeast Electric Power University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e587317","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/587317","article-title":"Seismic Response of Power Transmission Tower-Line System Subjected to Spatially Varying Ground Motions","volume":"2010","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Tian, L. (2011). Experimental Research and Response Analysis of Transmission Tower-Line System Under Multi-Component and Multi-Support Earthquake Excitations. [Ph.D. Thesis, Dalian University of Technology]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250025","DOI":"10.1142\/S179343111250025X","article-title":"Seismic Response of Power Transmission Tower-Line System Under Multi-Component Multi-Support Excitations","volume":"6","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Tsunami"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"127","article-title":"Research on shaking table test of transmission tower-line system under near-fault earthquake","volume":"51","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1410","article-title":"Shake table test on UHV AC double circuit transmission tower","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"High Volt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"103","article-title":"Shaking table test on nonlinear vibration responses of UHV transmission tower-line coupling system","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"47","article-title":"Design theory and method of shaking table test model for a UHV double circuit transmission tower-line coupled system","volume":"32","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vib. Shock."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"20","article-title":"Shaking table test model design for UHV latticed transmission tower-line coupling system","volume":"40","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hunan Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Xiong, Z.H. (2017). Experimental Study on Tower-Lines System of Ultra-High Voltage Glass-Shaped Transmission Under Multiple Array Shaking Tables. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Fuzhou University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Xin, A.Q. (2019). Experimental Research on the Cross-Fault Transmission Tower-Line System. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"79","article-title":"Seismic response of transmission tower-line system under coupled horizontal and tilt ground motion","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"513","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study on the collapse failure of long-span transmission tower-line systems subjected to extremely severe earthquakes","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earthq. Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"251","article-title":"Critical seismic incidence angle of transmission tower based on shaking table tests","volume":"76","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"445","article-title":"Seismic and collapse analysis of a UHV transmission tower-line system under cross-fault ground motions","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earthq. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"352","article-title":"Collapse Analysis of Transmission Towers under Multi-dimensional Seismic Excitation Considering Hysteretic Behavior of Components","volume":"42","author":"Gai","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Earthq. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"184","article-title":"Collapse analysis of transmission tower-line system under multi-dimensional seismic excitation based on different failure criteria","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barenblatt, G.I. (1996). Scaling, Self-Similarity, and Intermediate Asymptotics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107050242"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, H., and Sabnis, G.M. (1999). Structural Modeling and Experimental Techniques, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367802295"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(97)00092-8","article-title":"Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Krawinkler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Moncarz, P.D., and Krawinkler, H. (1981). Theory and Application of Experimental Model Analysis in Earthquake Engineering, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"52","article-title":"Study on Similitude Laws for Shaking Table Tests","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Liu, W.P. (2022). Shaking Table Test of Transmission Tower-Line System Under Different Input Directions of Multi-Dimensional Ground Motions. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"114","article-title":"Non-proportional problem in shaking table model of a power transmission tower-line system","volume":"31","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vib. Shock."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"369","article-title":"Recovery of co-seismic deformation from strong motion records during the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Seismol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1759738726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17101646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17101646","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]}}}