{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:41:13Z","timestamp":1759740073177,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51508304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51508304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"New Energy Vehicle Intelligent Network Technology Shandong Province Higher Education Institutions Future Industry Engineering Research Centre Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a pivotal component of the single-gear reducer, the casing of the miniature car reducer not only safeguards the internal transmission system but also interfaces seamlessly with the external structure. Currently, the structural design of domestic single-stage reducers primarily leans on experience and standardized specifications. To guarantee the reliable and stable operation of the casing, a high safety factor is often incorporated, which inevitably results in increased weight and necessitates secure bolting connections. This study presents an innovative scheme to design the flange with the box and realize the lightweight nature of the box by finite element analysis to reduce the manufacturing cost. Based on the working state of maximum torque and maximum speed, this study obtains the stress distribution of each bearing seat under different working conditions and carries out static and dynamic analysis combined with other coupling constraints. The analysis results show that the structure has high stiffness and strength, which is suitable for lightweight design, and that the first ten spontaneous vibration frequencies are far away from the excitation frequency of the inner and outer boundary, avoiding the resonance phenomenon. Moreover, this study proposes a new structure design method, which effectively improves the stiffness of the structure. Through the calculation of volume ratio before and after three optimizations, the optimal volume ratio of 30% is selected, unnecessary materials around the bearing seat are removed, and the layout of ribs is determined. After structural optimization, the weight of the shell is reduced by 10.2%, and both the static and dynamic characteristics meet the design requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1759738251000},"page":"1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Finite Element Analysis of Reducer Housing Based on ANSYS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou 253034, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou 253034, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Lab of Auto Performance and Emission Test, School of Mechanical and Vehicular Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The lightweighting of automobile main reducer","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Automot. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2024.124173","article-title":"Thermal and electrical performance analysis of a lightweight micro CHP system for recreational vehicles","volume":"257","author":"Pinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26577-2","article-title":"A survey of multi-criteria decision-making techniques for green logistics and low-carbon transportation systems","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"36","article-title":"Simulation Analysis of the Performance of New Energy Commercial Vehicle Chassis","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Automob. New Power"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheatley, G., Popoola, S., and Collins, J. (2021). Design, Optimization, and Analysis of the Chassis of a Racecar, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2021-01-5058"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chawla, T.S., and Leonhardt, E. (2018, January 23\u201327). Two Approaches to Optimize Formula SAE Chassis Design Using Finite Element Analysis. Proceedings of the 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s42154-018-0044-6","article-title":"Optimization of torsional stiffness for heavy commercial vehicle chassis frame","volume":"1","author":"Gawande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automot. Innov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilley, S., Morkos, B., and Alfalahi, M. (2018). Integration and Modularity Analysis for Improving Hybrid Vehicles Battery Pack Assembly, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-0438"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.mech.26.1.23141","article-title":"Lightweight design of a rear axle connection bracket for a heavy commercial vehicle by using topology optimisation: A case study","volume":"26","author":"Topac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mechanics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7148","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3193866","article-title":"An enhanced social engineering optimizer for solving an energy-efficient disassembly line balancing problem based on bucket brigades and cloud theory","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2020.111645","article-title":"Load-carrying capacity evaluation of girder bridge using moving vehicle","volume":"229","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4271\/02-12-04-0022","article-title":"Material selection and structural optimization for lightweight truck trailer design","volume":"12","author":"Galos","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.52783\/jes.2387","article-title":"Modal Analysis of Automobile Wheels based on Lightweight Technology","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, J. (2019). Optimum Design and Modal Analysis of Reducer Worm Drive for Belt Conveyor by Matlab and ANSYS. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAEAC47372.2019.8997822"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3862","DOI":"10.1137\/20M1331585","article-title":"Physics information aided kriging using stochastic simulation models","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2010.03.005","article-title":"Variable selection for semiparametric varying coefficient partially linear errors-in-variables models","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Multivar. Anal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Tan, J., and Dong, J. (2020). Lightweight Design of front suspension upright of electric formula car based on topology optimization method. World Electr. Veh. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj11010015"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"148","article-title":"Lightweight Design and Production Practice of the Heavy Truck Drive Axle","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Automob. Des."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.05.224","article-title":"Lightweight design of automotive components using generative design with fiber-reinforced additive manufacturing","volume":"109","author":"Junk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450115","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218126624501159","article-title":"A Modular Mathematical Modeling Method for Smart Design and Manufacturing of Automobile Driving Axles","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Circuits Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2023.106304","article-title":"Efficient multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm for sustainable harvest planning problem","volume":"158","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Lightweight Inboard Bearing Design for High-Speed Railway Axle","volume":"12","author":"Nwe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2020.1795942","article-title":"Designing a lightweight 1D convolutional neural network with Bayesian optimization for wheel flat detection using carbody accelerations","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rail Transp."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"41","article-title":"Finite-Element Analysis on Lightweight Material of Drive Axle Housin","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Compos. Adv. Mater.\/Rev. Des Compos. Des Mat\u00e9riaux Avanc\u00e9s"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1663\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:22:35Z","timestamp":1759738955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17101663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17101663","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]}}}