{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:18:29Z","timestamp":1762255109126,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2023YFB3406102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3406102"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Natural Science Foundation Project","award":["2025JJ60317","2025JJ80228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ60317","2025JJ80228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As high-speed railway systems continue to develop toward intelligent operation, axle box bearings integrated with sensors have become key components for real-time condition monitoring. However, introducing sensor-embedded slots disrupts the structural continuity and thermal conduction paths of traditional bearing rings. This results in localized stress concentrations and thermal distortion, which compromise the bearing\u2019s overall performance and service life. This study focuses on a double-row tapered roller bearing used in axle boxes and develops a multi-physics finite element model incorporating the effects of sensor-embedded grooves, based on Hertzian contact theory and the Palmgren frictional heat model. Both contact load verification and thermo-mechanical coupling analysis were performed to evaluate the influence of two key design parameters\u2014groove depth and arc length\u2014on equivalent stress, temperature distribution, and thermo-mechanical coupling deformation. The results show that the embedded slot structure significantly alters the local thermodynamic response. Especially when the slot depth reaches a certain value, both stress and deformation due to thermo-mechanical effects exhibit obvious nonlinear escalation. During the design process, the length and depth of the arc-shaped embedded slot, among other parameters, should be strictly controlled. The study of the stress and temperature characteristics under the thermos-mechanical coupling effect of the axle box bearing is of crucial importance for the design of the intelligent bearing body structure and safety assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1759738251000},"page":"1667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Characteristics for the Non-Axisymmetric Outer Ring of the High-Speed Rail Axle Box Bearing with Embedded Intelligent Sensor Slots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4463-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Performance Intelligent Manufacturing Key Technologies for Mechanical Equipment, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7023-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.22441\/sinergi.2022.3.004","article-title":"Analysis of variance dimension of reinforcement to stress concentration factor using finite element method","volume":"26","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sinergi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., Hu, H., Guo, N., Ma, X.Q., and Li, X.P. 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