{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T04:41:38Z","timestamp":1760157698697,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"]}]},{"name":"the Special Fund of Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education (Jilin University)","award":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Joint Plan Project of Liaoning Province","award":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330708","42302329","GEIOF2023005","2024-BSLH-249","BK20231080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing urgency for transportation network development in seasonally frozen regions brings attention to two critical symmetrical factors: cyclic loading and freeze\u2013thaw cycles. In saline soil areas, these symmetrical mechanical and environmental processes, along with varying salt content, significantly affect soil mechanical properties, posing considerable challenges for engineering design. In this study, the dynamic triaxial tests were conducted on a type of carbonate saline soil considering four factors, including moisture content, salt content, freeze\u2013thaw cycle and confining pressure, and the variations in dynamic parameters, including dynamic strength and dynamic elastic modulus, with the above four factors were studied, and the influential mechanisms of four factors were fully discussed. The results demonstrated that the variations in dynamic strength (\u03c4d) versus vibration cycles (NF) were better fitted by logarithmic functions than by a linear one. An increase in moisture content, salt content, and freeze\u2013thaw cycle all reduced the \u03c4d and dynamic elastic modulus (Ed); in addition, the Ed decreased significantly when the dynamic axial strain was less than 0.2%, and then stabilized with further increases in dynamic axial strain. The dynamic parameters of saline soil became nearly constant after undergoing five freeze\u2013thaw cycles, and increased significantly with increasing confining pressure. Moreover, the relationship between the maximum dynamic elastic modulus (Edmax) and the four factors could be described by power functions. These findings could provide certain references for addressing the combined effects of symmetrical cyclic loading and freeze\u2013thaw cycles in subgrade design for saline soil regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:19:26Z","timestamp":1760015966000},"page":"1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Behavior of Remolded Saline Soil Under Dual Symmetric Factors: Cyclic Loading and Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging, College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging, College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingbo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging, College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laishi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anyang University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cencen","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Exploration and Imaging, College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weitong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00161-024-01337-w","article-title":"Dynamic properties of the structures with three level of symmetry","volume":"37","author":"Vlase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contin. 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