{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:21:59Z","timestamp":1781644919504,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2025 Shaanxi Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Research Special Project","award":["2025YB0328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YB0328"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Social Science Fund","award":["2024D032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D032"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["23YJCZH195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YJCZH195"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD","award":["30010234450204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30010234450204"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD","award":["300102345507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102345507"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program Shaanxi","award":["2024JC-YBON-0738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBON-0738"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program Shaanxi","award":["2023-JC-ON-0560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-ON-0560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the application of large language models (LLMs) in analyzing subjective driver perceptions during tunnel driving simulations, comparing the effectiveness of questionnaires and interviews. Building on previous research involving driver simulations, we recruited 29 new participants, collected their perceptions via questionnaires, and conducted follow-up interviews. The interview data were analyzed using three LLMs: GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Google-Gemini. The results revealed that while GPT-4 provides more in-depth and accurate analysis, it is significantly slower than GPT-3.5. Conversely, Google-Gemini demonstrated a balance between analysis quality and speed, outperforming the other models overall. Despite the challenge of occasional misunderstandings, LLMs still have the potential to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of subjective data analysis in transportation research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:13:27Z","timestamp":1760361207000},"page":"1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Using Large Language Models to Analyze Interviews for Driver Psychological Assessment: A Performance Comparison of ChatGPT and Google-Gemini"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5923-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruifen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Post, Xi\u2019an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2153-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinni","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Post, Xi\u2019an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3259-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Post, Xi\u2019an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"China Merchants Chongqing Communications Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China"},{"name":"Transportation Industry R&D Center for Autonomous Driving Technology, Chongqing 400067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Transportation Planning, Surveying and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Modern Post, Xi\u2019an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2006.01573.x","article-title":"Essential elements of questionnaire design and development","volume":"16","author":"Rattray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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