{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T09:56:08Z","timestamp":1769853368150,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52408369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY23E080004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY23E080004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQN25A020008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQN25A020008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In engineering practice, soils will inevitably experience some rotation of principal stress directions. Recent experimental evidence has highlighted how principal stress axes rotation significantly impacts clay behavior. However, most existing constitutive models accounting for this effect are essentially designed for sand and may not be applicable to clays. This paper introduces an anisotropic bounding surface model to reproduce the response of clay to principal stress axes rotation. The model\u2019s key innovation lies in its incorporation of a secondary mapping procedure in the deviatoric stress ratio plane, which utilizes a relocatable mapping center. This step is a complement to the conventional radial mapping procedure in the meridional plane, which utilizes a fixed mapping center. This constitutive enhancement facilitates the precise modeling of plastic deformation triggered by the rotation of principal stress axes, without introducing additional loading mechanisms or incremental stress\u2013strain nonlinearity. The performance of the model is first evaluated under various conditions and then verified through comparisons between simulation results and experimental data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and underscore the necessity of incorporating stress rotation effects into the constitutive modeling of clay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17101741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T11:57:42Z","timestamp":1760529462000},"page":"1741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Numerical Simulation of Principal Stress Axes Rotation in Clay with an Anisotropic Bounding Surface Model Incorporating a Relocatable Mapping Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo 315100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1979.29.1.91","article-title":"Dense sand weakened by continuous principal stress direction rotation","volume":"1","author":"Arthur","year":"1979","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1986.36.2.215","article-title":"Sand sheared by stresses with cyclic variations in direction","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1983.33.4.355","article-title":"The development of a new hollow cylinder apparatus for investigating the effects of principal stress rotation in soils","volume":"33","author":"Hight","year":"1983","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.23.4_11","article-title":"Sand response to cyclic rotation of principal stress directions as induced by wave loads","volume":"23","author":"Ishihara","year":"1983","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1984.34.1.11","article-title":"Undrained anisotropy and principal stress rotation in saturated sand","volume":"34","author":"Symes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.26.36","article-title":"Deformation behavior of anisotropic dense sand under principal stress axes rotation","volume":"26","author":"Miura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000378","article-title":"Drained deformation behavior of anisotropic sands during cyclic rotation of principal stress axes","volume":"136","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/17486025.2015.1006267","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the deformation characteristics of granular materials under drained rotational shear","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomech. Geoengin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2010.60.5.381","article-title":"Numerical investigation of granular material behaviour under rotational shear","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2290","article-title":"Discrete element method analysis of non-coaxial flow under rotational shear","volume":"38","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022112","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002913","article-title":"Undrained Responses of Anisotropic Granular Material under Rotational Shear by DEM","volume":"148","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134818","article-title":"Macro-micro numerical analysis of granular materials considering principal stress rotation based on DEM simulation of dynamic hollow cylinder test","volume":"412","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Akagi, H., and Saitoh, J. (1994, January 12\u201314). Dilatancy characteristics of clayey soil under principal axes rotation. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pre-Failure Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Sapporo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ20120189","article-title":"Impact of shear stress on strain and pore water pressure behavior of intact soft clay under principal stress rotation","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-017-0567-8","article-title":"Cyclic degradation and non-coaxiality of soft clay subjected to pure rotation of principal stress directions","volume":"13","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04018081","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001214","article-title":"Effect of initial state and intermediate principal stress on noncoaxiality of soft clay\u2013involved cyclic principal stress rotation","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017128","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001042","article-title":"Influence of intermediate principal stress and principal stress direction on drained behavior of natural soft clay","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geomech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-018-0735-5","article-title":"Influence of initial state and intermediate principal stress on undrained behavior of soft clay during pure principal stress rotation","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2022.107587","article-title":"Softening and deformation characteristics of Tianjin soft soil under principal stress rotation induced by traffic loading","volume":"164","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2005.01.001","article-title":"General non-proportional loading behavior of soils","volume":"21","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.531","article-title":"A non-coaxial critical state soil model and its application to simple shear simulations","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"322","article-title":"Three-dimensional noncoaxial plasticity modeling of shear band formation in geomaterials","volume":"134","author":"Qian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1995.45.4.649","article-title":"Shear band formation in sand according to non-coaxial plasticity model","volume":"45","author":"Papamichos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lu, N. (2019). Elastoplastic Constitutive Modelling of Clay Behaviour Under Principal Stress Rotation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.1610070404","article-title":"Multi-laminate model of clays\u2014A numerical evaluation of the influence of rotation of the principal stress axes","volume":"7","author":"Pande","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833797-c6","article-title":"Modelling principal stress rotation effects with multilaminate type constitutive models for clay","volume":"42","author":"Neher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Numer. Models Geomech."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"966","article-title":"Bounding surface plasticity. I: Mathematical foundation and hypoplasticity","volume":"112","author":"Dafalias","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"983","article-title":"Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2004.54.1.41","article-title":"A constitutive framework for anisotropic sand including non-proportional loading","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2016.11.019","article-title":"A non-coaxial critical-state model for sand accounting for fabric anisotropy and fabric evolution","volume":"106","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.3159","article-title":"Three-dimensional anisotropic plasticity model for sand subjected to principal stress value change and axes rotation","volume":"45","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"04022060","article-title":"Hypoplastic modeling of anisotropic sand behavior accounting for rotation of principal stress direction","volume":"148","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.3937","article-title":"A Constitutive Model for Anisotropic Sand Considering Fabric Evolution Under Proportional and Non-Proportional Loadings","volume":"49","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2025.109681","article-title":"A hypoplastic model simulating the cyclic clay behaviors under principal stress rotation","volume":"199","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.33.3_105","article-title":"Model for the deformation of sand during rotation of principal stress directions","volume":"33","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.659","article-title":"A non-coaxial constitutive model for sand deformation under rotation of principal stress axes","volume":"32","author":"Lashkari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-018-0751-5","article-title":"A fabric-based sand plasticity model with reversal surfaces within anisotropic critical state theory","volume":"14","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-020-00984-y","article-title":"An anisotropic plasticity model incorporating fabric evolution for monotonic and cyclic behavior of sand","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.3183","article-title":"Noncoaxiality considering inherent anisotropy under various loading paths in a strain space multiple mechanism model for granular materials","volume":"45","author":"Ueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2138","article-title":"A kinematic hardening soil model considering the principal stress rotation","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2019.01.023","article-title":"Effects of the principal stress rotation in numerical simulations of geotechnical laboratory cyclic tests","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2855","article-title":"SANISAND-FN: An evolving fabric-based sand model accounting for stress principal axes rotation","volume":"43","author":"Petalas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"263","article-title":"Anisotropic critical state theory: Role of fabric","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2020.103857","article-title":"On the evolution law of a contact normal-based fabric tensor for granular materials","volume":"132","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.3351","article-title":"Numerical simulation of cyclic shear tests considering the fabric change and principal stress rotation effects","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106089","article-title":"Considerations for using critical state soil mechanics based constitutive models for capturing static liquefaction failure of tailings dams","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechrescom.2020.103474","article-title":"Modelling the simple shear behaviour of clay considering principal stress rotation","volume":"103","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-018-0680-3","article-title":"Constitutive modeling of principal stress rotation by considering inherent and induced anisotropy of soils","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-021-01377-5","article-title":"Constitutive modeling of three-dimensional non-coaxial characteristics of clay","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-022-01786-0","article-title":"Elastoplastic modeling cyclic behavior of natural soft clay with principal stress rotation under traffic loading","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"04020004","article-title":"Noncoaxiality between Two Tensors with Application to Stress Rate Decomposition and Fabric Anisotropy Variable","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-6413(86)90047-9","article-title":"An anisotropic critical state soil plasticity model","volume":"13","author":"Dafalias","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mech. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.1610040107","article-title":"Isotropic yield surfaces in three dimensions for use in soil mechanics","volume":"4","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s004660000166","article-title":"Aspects of finite element implementation of critical state models","volume":"26","author":"Sheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Mech."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Heyman, J., and Leckie, F.A. (1968). On the Generalized Stress-Strain Behaviour of Wet Clay. Engineering Plasticity, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1139\/t02-119","article-title":"An anisotropic elastoplastic model for soft clays","volume":"40","author":"Wheeler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.12.P.197","article-title":"Anatomy of rotational hardening in clay plasticity","volume":"63","author":"Dafalias","year":"2013","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:7(613)","article-title":"Two-surface plasticity model for cyclic undrained behavior of clays","volume":"128","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2013.07.012","article-title":"Implicit and explicit integration schemes in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.2229","article-title":"Bounding surface SANICLAY plasticity model for cyclic clay behavior","volume":"38","author":"Seidalinov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.524","article-title":"SANICLAY: Simple anisotropic clay plasticity model","volume":"30","author":"Dafalias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2012.03.009","article-title":"Anisotropic bounding-surface plasticity model for the cyclic shakedown and degradation of saturated clay","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Abbo, A.J. (1997). Finite Element Algorithms for Elastoplasticity and Consolidation. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Newcastle]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1108\/02644400110365842","article-title":"Refined explicit integration of elastoplastic models with automatic error control","volume":"18","author":"Sloan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Akagi, H., and Yamamoto, H. (1997, January 1). Stress-dilatancy relation of undisturbed clay under principal axes rotation. Proceedings of the Deformation and Progressive Failure in Geomechanics, Nagoya-shi, Japan."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031010","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005958","article-title":"An associative and non-associative anisotropic bounding surface model for clay","volume":"79","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"748","article-title":"Anisotropic elastoplastic bounding surface model for cohesive soils","volume":"128","author":"Ling","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Liu, Z. (2014). Study on Yielding Characteristic and Anisotropic Yield Surface Equation of Soft Clay. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Zhejiang University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Xia, Y. (2014). Study of Mechanical Behavior of Hangzhou clay Considering Samll Strain Stiffness and Its Engineering Application. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University]. (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1741\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T12:09:24Z","timestamp":1760530164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/10\/1741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17101741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17101741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}