{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:32:53Z","timestamp":1761186773448,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerul Educatiei si Cercetarii, Romania","award":["PN 23 24 02 01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN 23 24 02 01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma medicine is a field of research that focuses on the sterilization of bacteria, wounds and cancer treatment, tissue regeneration and other biomedical applications using plasma. Dielectric barrier discharge microplasma was used for biomedical applications such as sterilization of bacteria and skin treatment for transdermal drug delivery. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using microplasma for improving blood coagulation parameters. Blood samples collected from one dog and one cat were treated with microplasma, and the blood coagulation effect of this treatment was compared with the effect achieved by treating the blood with air flow only. The microplasma electrodes were energized using a negative pulse voltage power supply and environmental air was used as discharge gas. The microplasma treatment produced clear coagulation effects that increased proportionally with treatment time, discharge voltage and frequency. In contrast, the treatment with air flow only had no coagulation effects after the same treatment time as for the microplasma treatment. The observed blood coagulation effects induced by microplasma treatment could be attributed to the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by microplasma. The blood sample subjected to microplasma treatment had a slight temperature increase (\u22484 \u00b0C) confirming the nonthermal operation. In conclusion, this study shows promising results that suggest the potential of using microplasma treatment as a tool for improving blood coagulation parameters. Furthermore, microplasma\u2019s suitability for portability and integration indicates the potential for developing a compact microplasma device tailored for use by first responders in cases of bleeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17111786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1761182042000},"page":"1786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Basic Study of Blood Coagulation by Microplasma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1035-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Gabriel","family":"Blajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"given":"Anca Daniela","family":"Stoica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1240-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Sevcencu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Integrative Biology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"given":"Septimiu Cassian","family":"Tripon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8275-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile","family":"Surducan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Photonics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu-shi 432-8561, Shizuoka, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2011.2168509","article-title":"Removal of indoor air contaminant by atmospheric microplasma","volume":"47","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2019.2952166","article-title":"Study of Induced EHD flow by microplasma vortex Generator","volume":"47","author":"Blajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2011.2126550","article-title":"Emission spectroscopy of pulsed powered microplasma for surface treatment of PEN film","volume":"47","author":"Blajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blajan, M.G., Ciorita, A., Surducan, E., Surducan, V., and Shimizu, K. (2025). Biological decontamination by microplasma. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052527"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, K., Hayashida, K., and Blajan, M. (2015). Novel method to improve transdermal drug delivery by atmospheric microplasma irradiation. Biointerphases, 10.","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4919708"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200700162","article-title":"Microplasmas: Sources, particle kinetics, and biomedical applications","volume":"5","author":"Iza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershman, S., Harreguy, M.B., Yatom, S., Raitses, Y., Efthimion, P., and Haspel, G. (2021). A low power flexible dielectric barrier discharge disinfects surfaces and improves the action of hydrogen peroxide. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84086-z"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044005","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-6272\/aa9b79","article-title":"Pulsed cold plasma-induced blood coagulation and its pilot application in stanching bleeding during rat hepatectomy","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.03.001","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma delivery for biomedical applications","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, K., Lin, Z., Cheng, Y., Chiu, H., Yeh, N., Wu, T., and Wu, J. (2018). Wound healing in Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic rats using Atmospheric-Pressure argon plasma jet. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30597-1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.06.055","article-title":"Investigation of blood coagulation effect of nonthermal multigas plasma jet in vitro and in vivo","volume":"219","author":"Nomura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.03.023","article-title":"Red blood cell coagulation induced by low-temperature plasma treatment","volume":"605","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2017.10.001","article-title":"Platelets are key in cold physical plasma-facilitated blood coagulation in mice","volume":"7\u20138","author":"Bekeschus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Plasma Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-018-0686-z","article-title":"Determination of proper treatment time for in vivo blood coagulation and wound healing application by non-thermal helium plasma jet","volume":"41","author":"Rad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, H., Zhang, B., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., Xu, A., Jin, S., and Fang, Z. (2025). Low-temperature plasma efficiently promotes blood coagulation with less thermal injury in porcine models. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08016-z"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-006-9024-4","article-title":"Blood coagulation and living tissue sterilization by Floating-Electrode dielectric barrier discharge in air","volume":"26","author":"Fridman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395205","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ace196","article-title":"Reaction mechanism for atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of cysteine in solution","volume":"56","author":"Polito","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/20\/11\/010","article-title":"Ozone synthesis from oxygen in dielectric barrier discharges","volume":"20","author":"Eliasson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425201","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/42\/425201","article-title":"Plasma chemistry model of surface microdischarge in humid air and dynamics of reactive neutral species","volume":"45","author":"Sakiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2019.106382","article-title":"Oxidative pathways of arachidonic acid as targets for regulation of platelet activation","volume":"145","author":"Trostchansky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Duan, W., Zhang, J., Hao, M., Li, J., Zhao, R., Wu, W., Sua, H.H., Jun, H.K., and Liu, Y. (2025). Superhydrophobic ROS biocatalytic metal coatings for the rapid healing of diabetic wounds. Mater. Today Bio, 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101840"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.005","article-title":"Fibrin self-assembly is adapted to oxidation","volume":"95","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mindukshev, I., Fock, E., Dobrylko, I., Sudnitsyna, J., Gambaryan, S., and Panteleev, M.A. (2022). Platelet Hemostasis Reactions at Different Temperatures Correlate with Intracellular Calcium Concentration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810667"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/11\/1786\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:37:36Z","timestamp":1761183456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/17\/11\/1786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym17111786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym17111786","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}}}