{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T03:46:34Z","timestamp":1772682394507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Tianchi Elite Talent Innovation Leadership Program","award":["2024XGYTCYC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XGYTCYC03"]}]},{"name":"Urumqi City Hongshan Sci-Tech Innovation Elite Talents Youth Top Talents Program","award":["B241013004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B241013004"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program Young Scientists Project","award":["2024YFC2910600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2910600"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Engineering Doctoral Start-up Fund","award":["2023XGYBQJ14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XGYBQJ14"]}]},{"name":"Internal Project of Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Ministry of Education","award":["KLXGY-Z2603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLXGY-Z2603"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&D Project Task Special-Department and Department Linkage Project","award":["2022B01051-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B01051-3"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&D Project Task Special-Department and Department Linkage Project","award":["2022B01051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B01051"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianshan Yingcai Cultivation Plan-Youth Top-notch Talent Project","award":["2024TSYCCX0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSYCCX0051"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2025D01C259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025D01C259"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2025B04017-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025B04017-002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202501A63"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202501A63"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the challenge of simulating shear failure in anchor bolts within FLAC3D, a shear failure criterion, Fs(i) \u2265 Fsmax(i), is proposed based on the PILE structural element. Through secondary development using the FISH programming language, a modified mechanical model of the PILE element is established and integrated into the FLAC3D-FISH framework. Comparative analyses are conducted on shear tests of bolt shafts and on anchor bolt support performance under coal\u2013rock interface slip conditions, using both the original PILE model and the modified mechanical model. The results demonstrate that the shear load\u2013displacement curve of the modified PILE model clearly reflects shear failure characteristics, satisfying a quantitative shear failure criterion. Upon failure, both the shear force and axial force of the structural element at the failure point drop abruptly to zero, enabling effective simulation of shear failure in anchor bolts within the FLAC3D environment. Using the modified model, the distribution of principal stress differences in the surrounding rock after roadway excavation is analyzed. Based on this, the concept of a stress-bearing ring in the surrounding rock is introduced. The reinforcing effects of bolt length, spacing, and ultimate load capacity on the stress-bearing ring in weak and fractured surrounding rock are investigated. The findings reveal that: (1) shear failure initiates in bolt shafts near the coal\u2013rock interfaces, occurring earlier near the coal\u2013floor interface than near the coal\u2013roof interface; (2) the stress-bearing ring in weak and fractured surrounding rock shows a discontinuous and uneven distribution. However, with support improvements\u2014such as increasing bolt length, reducing spacing, and enhancing failure load\u2014the surrounding rock gradually forms a continuous stress-bearing ring with more uniform thickness and stress distribution, migrating inward toward the roadway surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym17111885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1762419723000},"page":"1885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FLAC3D Modeling of Shear Failure and Fracture of Anchor Bolts in Surrounding Rock: A Study on Stress-Bearing Ring Reinforcement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Coal-Bearing Resources Exploration and Exploitation, Xinjiang Engineering Research Center of Green Intelligent Coal Mining, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Coal-Bearing Resources Exploration and Exploitation, Xinjiang Engineering Research Center of Green Intelligent Coal Mining, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China"}]},{"given":"Jianbiao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Coal-Bearing Resources Exploration and Exploitation, Xinjiang Engineering Research Center of Green Intelligent Coal Mining, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, China"},{"name":"School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haosen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0770-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Sixty years development and prospects of rock bolting technology for underground coal mine roadways in China","volume":"45","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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